Impact Of Corporate Governance On Organizational Performance

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study

Corporate governance has in recent years become a topical issue both in business and academic circles. The concern in business arose out of the perceived importance that a tradition should be developed that supports moral and ethical conduct in business affairs which will create a general climate (both legal and social environment) that will promote good governance of firms. In the academic world, it is established that business decisions are not made in a vacuum. Business decision makers have objectives outside the firms’ objectives, for example managers are interested in their own personal satisfaction, in their employees’ welfare, as well as in the good of the community (society) at large and these objectives impact on shareholders wealth adversely (Akeem, 2014).

The genesis of Corporate Governance lies in business scams and failures. The Watergate scandal, the junk bond fiasco in USA and the failure of Maxwell, BCCI and Polypeck in UK resulted into setting up of the Treadway committee in USA and the Cadbury committee in UK on corporate governance.

The guiding principle of good corporate governance is “transparency and ethics” should govern corporate world. Increasing strategic importance of professional management probably constitutes the most important aspect of changing profile of corporate governance. Given the global challenges, the only choice left with business and economic enterprises is to follow the corporate governance practices – the path for living, working, surviving, successing and the excelling in the future (Bansal and Bansal, 2014).

Directors without corporate enforcement mechanism may paint misleading pictures of financial performance of their organisations to lure unsuspecting investors. However, the effect of these actions on some corporations is devastating. There is the collapse of the energy corporation Enron in 2001 in US, WorldCom, Global Crossing, and Rank Xerox, most of which filed for bankruptcy after adjusting their accounts. Between 2002 and 2005, several international corporations failed, including Mutual Risk Management Ltd, Equitable Life Assurance Society UK collapsed in year 2000 because directors of the companies unlawfully used money met for guaranteed annuity rate policies to subsidize current annuity rate policies. Lion of Africa Insurance in Nigeria also liquidated because of board crisis it liabilities outweighed the assets and could not recapitalize in 2007 (Momoh and Ukpong, 2013).

The increasing incidence of corporate fraud relating to exaggerated and overstated accounts have informed renewed global emphasis on the need for good corporate governance. According to Nwachukwu (2007), there is a growing consensus that good corporate governance has a positive link to national economic growth and development. Checks and balances in an organization are strengthened through good corporate governance.

By definition, corporate governance is a system or an arrangement that comprises of a wide range of practices (accounting standards, rules concerning financial disclosure, executive compensation, size and composition of corporate boards) and institutions (legal, economic and social) that protect the interest of corporation’s owners.

Furthermore, adherence to good corporate governance is inevitable especially in the Nigerian business climate considering the critical multiplier effects a failed corporate entity would cause to investment decision, unemployment rate and economic growth. Thus, the practice of a good corporate governance system helps to provide a degree of confidence that is necessary for the proper functioning of the market economy and hence organisatiomal performance (Momoh and Ukpong, 2013).

To this end, there is also a widely held view that better corporate governance is associated with better firms’ performance, but the evidence is not sufficiently available in the Nigeria context. As such, providing an additional empirical evidence of the impact of good corporate governance on organizational performance is urgently needed.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Incorporation may mean that the owners of the organization are not necessarily the managers and this may create agency issues which include managers acting for their own selfish interest at the expense of other stakeholders. Despite tight regulatory framework corporate governance continues to weaken in Nigeria (Momoh and Ukpong, 2013). Many companies have been characterized by scandals. Directors have acted illegally or in bad faith towards their shareholders.

Corporate governance which is hitherto seen as the foundation for good corporate performance has received lack-luster attention from corporate bodies globally for a considerable length of time. This attitude which bordered on neglect of corporate strategies may have eventually led to the recent global high profile corporate failures. Notable among such failed corporate bodies are HIH Insurance and One-Tel both in Australia, Maxwell Communications Corporation, and Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) both in the United Kingdom; Enron and Worldcom both in the United States and Parmalat in Italy. All these failures have been attributed to poor corporate governance (Tennyson, 2010).

In Nigeria, the story is not different. There has been several corporate failures and large-scale misappropriation of funds in the recent past in Nigeria, involving both public and private organizations such as AVOP Oil, Anambra State Motor Manufacturing Company, African Petroleum Nigeria Limited, and many others.

The consequences of institutional failure (considering the multiplier effect of financial institutional failure on the real sector of the economy) are unacceptably costly to a developing country like Nigeria. This affects the level of confidence the public has in various corporate establishments. The consequences of ineffective governance systems leading to corporate failure will not only affect the shareholders but also, the employees, suppliers, consumers and the nation as a whole. Thus, a good governance system that will promote ethical value, professionalism and transparent application of best practices is desirable.

This study will examine the impact of good corporate governance on organizational performance with a specific reference to First Bank Nig Plc.
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The major objective of the study is to examine the impact of good corporate governance on organizational performance.

Other specific objectives are as follows:
To explore the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance.
To find out the impact of corporate fraud on organizational survivability
To investigate the effect of corporate dividend policy on shareholders’ interest
To identify the role of Corporate Regulatory Agencies in ensuring transparency and ethics in the Nigerian banking industry.
1.4 Research Questions

The undertaking of this research project will beam a searchlight on the following research questions;
What is the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance?
Is corporate fraud a significant predictor of organizational survivability?
To what extent does corporate dividend policy impact on shareholders’ interest?
1.5 Research Hypotheses

The researcher intends to test the following hypotheses;
Hypothesis One:

Ho1:There is no significant relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance
Hypothesis Two:

Ho2: Corporate fraud is not a significant predictor of organizational survivability
Hypothesis Three:

Ho3: There is no significant relationship between corporate dividend policy and shareholders’ interest

Effect Of Investors‘ Sentiment On Stock Market Returns In Nigeria

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Abstract

The study examined the effect of investors’ sentiment on stock market return in Nigeria with consideration to bull and bear market cycles which most past studies neglected. The dependent variable was proxy by Stock Market Returns (SPR) while the explanatory variables were investors sentiment (SentPCA), Interest Rate(INTR), Inflation Rate (INFL) and Exchange Rate (EXRT), while bull events (positive market returns) and bear market event (negative market returns) were used as moderating variables to investors sentiment. In this study, quarterly data from 1985Q1 to 2014Q4 were collected from secondary sources such as CBN, NSE and SEC while in the estimation of the models formulated, statistical techniques which include descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, unit root test, Engel-Granger co-integration test, overparameterized and Parsimonious error correction model (ECM) were adopted. The results from the study show that investors’ sentiment had a statistically significantly relationship with stock market returns dynamics in Nigeria but when moderated for bear market cycle, the impact of investors sentiment on stock returns in Nigeria became statistically insignificant. In the case of Bull market cycle, it was observed that there was a statistically significant relationship between investors’ sentiment and stock market returns. We also found that exchange rate variation was more potent in distorting stock market returns dynamics in Nigeria than interest rate and inflation rate. Notably, inflation rate was found to have less value relevant to equity investors in Nigeria. This study therefore makes the following conclusions that investors in Nigeria’s equity market are likely to take market sentiment news and exchange rate announcement more serious than interest rate and inflation rate when investing in shares. During the bear market cycle, most equity investors would completely try to stay off the market waiting for another bull market run. The study recommends that investors and capital market participants should develop strategies for managing sentiment while policy market should develop policies that would prevent extreme market sentiment and also maintain stable exchange rate and interest rate environment that promote less volatile stock market.
Chapter One
Introduction

Stock market prices both in developed and emerging countries are generally believed to be responsive to economic and market fundamentals or new information. The event of 2008/2009 market crashwhich led to a wide deviation of stock prices from their fundamental value is generating questions and drawing attention to finding out if non-market and non-economic fundamentals are responsible for such deviations. The determination of equity price movement in most emerging stock markets has been discussed by scholars and researchers from the perspective of market, economic and firm-specific fundamentals.However, there has been some kind of shift in the discussion of equity price movement to favouringinvestors‘ sentiment/emotions. Investors‘ sentiment in general term refers to the attitude, emotions and biases that exhibit in the course of investment decision. Baek, Bandopadhaya and Du (2005) studies revealed that most short-term movements in asset prices such as equity are best explained by investors‘ sentiment. Similarly, Fisher and Stantunan (2000)are also of the view that investors‘ sentiment matter to asset pricing process.

Thus, in the pricing of equities and other financial assets, investors‘ attitude is of major concern for financial analyst and it is seen as a key determinant of the value of most financial assets (Huiwen, 2012). Baker and Wurgler (2006) recognized investors‘ psychology as a vital component in market pricing process of financial assets. This is because the sentiment of investors‘ may also reflect their risk profile and investors‘ emotion are displayed in different forms. In behavioural finance, emphasis is placed on investors‘ sentiment/bias such as escalation, cognitive dissonance and overconfidence bias. Escalation bias tend to exist when an investor continue to purchase a poor performing stock with the notion that the stock poor performance is temporary, this single act of investors‘ can influence the price of the stock in question positively since the investors‘ are not selling even when bad news enter into the market. In the case of cognitive dissonance the investors‘ act only when market information conforms to his belief. This therefore means that equity price moves only when the investors‘ interpretation of an event negates the market news. Shefrin and Statman (1996) stressed that prices of equities and other financial assets are determined by the level of confidence investors‘ have on the growth of a company. The investor commits overconfidence bias when he/she overestimates the growth rate of a company and concentrates on good news and this has great influence to the determination of financial assets prices.

Effect Of Corporate Sustainability Factors On Organizational Performance

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Background

Not until recently, the issue of corporate sustainability was not taken seriously among business owners and shareholders. To them, it is just another avenue to waste funds that would otherwise be used for profitable production. But this is no longer the case, as a lot of corporations and businesses now see corporate sustainability as a prerequisite for organizational growth and profitability. (Chukwuweike, 2014).

Corporate sustainability is an approach that creates long-term stakeholder value by implementing a business strategy that considers every dimension of how a business operates in the ethical, social, environmental, cultural, and economic spheres. It also formulates strategies to build a company that fosters longevity through transparency and proper employee development (Wikipedia, 2014).

Corporate sustainability is an evolution on more traditional phrases describing ethical corporate practice. Phrases such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate citizenship continue to be used but are increasingly superseded by the broader term corporate sustainability. Unlike phrases that focus on “added-on” policies, corporate sustainability describes business practices built around social and environmental considerations. (Wikipedia, 2014).

Corporate sustainability does not just increase a corporation’s performance, it increases their good will, strong brand name and reputation and by so doing brings about customer loyalty which, in turn, result in repeat purchase (The dream of every business owner)

Neoclassical economics and several management theories assume that the corporation’s objective is profit maximization subject to capacity (or other) constraints. The key agent in such models is the shareholder, acting as the ultimate residual claimant who provides the necessary financial resources for the firm’s operations (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Zingales, 2000).

However, there is substantial variation in the way corporations actually compete and pursue profit maximization. Different corporations place more or less emphasis on the long-term versus the short-term (Brochet., Loumioti., serafeim., 2012); care more or less about the impact of externalities from their operations on other stakeholders (Paine, 2004); focus more or less on the ethical grounds of their decisions (Paine, 2004); and assign relatively more or less importance on shareholders compared to other stakeholders (Freeman., Harrison., wicks., 2007). For example, Southwest Airlines has identified employees and Novo Nordisk patients (i.e., their end customers) as their primary stakeholder.

During the last 20 years, a relatively small but growing number of companies have voluntarily integrated social and environmental issues in their business models and daily operations (i.e. their strategy) through the adoption of related corporate policies. Such integration of environmental and social issues into a company’s business model raises a number of fundamental questions for scholars of organizations. Does the governance structure of firms that adopt environmental and social policies differ from that of other firms and, if yes, in what ways? Do such firms have distinct stakeholder engagement processes and adopt different time horizons for their decision-making? In what ways are their measurement and reporting systems different? Finally, what are the performance implications of integrating social and environmental issues into a Company’s strategy and operations? Some scholars argue that companies can ―do well by doing good‖ (Godfrey, 2005). (Elfenbein and Walsh, 2007). Porter and Kramer, 2011) based on the assumption that meeting the needs of other stakeholders–e.g. employees through investment in training-directly creates value for shareholders (Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, Parmar, de Colle., 2010, Porter and Kramer, 2011). It is also based on the assumption that by not meeting the needs of other stakeholders, companies can destroy shareholder value because of consumer boycotts (Sen, Gurhan-canli, Morwitz., 2001), the inability to hire the most talented people (Greening and Turban, 2000), and by paying potentially punitive fines to governments.

On the other hand, other scholars argue that adopting environmental and social policies can destroy shareholder wealth (Clotfelter 1985; Friedman, 1970; Galaskiewicz, 1997; Navarro 1988;). In its simplest form, their argument is that sustainability may simply be a type of agency cost: managers receive private benefits from embedding environmental and social policies in the company’ strategy, but doing so has negative financial implications for the organization (Baloti and Hanks, 1999; Brown et al., 2006). Moreover, these companies might experience a higher cost structure (e.g. paying their employees living rather than market wages).

Consequently, the argument continues, companies that do not operate under such additional environmental and social constraints will be more competitive and as a result, will be more successful in a highly competitive environment. In fact, this hypothesis is well captured in Jensen (2001) who states:

Companies that try to do so either will be eliminated by competitors who choose not to be so civic minded, or will survive only by consuming their economic rents in this manner.

People all over the world expressed considerable concern for damage to the environment and its effects on their lives and businesses. In the Brundtland report it is clear that corporate sustainability is important to the future of their businesses, fortunes of nations and individuals (Edwards, 2005; White, 2009).

According to (Ullmann,.2007) corporate sustainability tend to focus on how to organize and manage corporate activities in such a way that they meet physical and psychological needs without compromising the ecological, social or economic base which enable these needs to be met. The role of corporations in this process is significant in most countries around the globe, and especially so in the industrialized West.

In the views of Hart (2007) corporations are the only organizations with resources, technology, the global reach, and, ultimately the motivation to achieve sustainability.

In response to their sustainable development policies and practices, many companies claim that they recognize their social and environmental responsibilities, in addition to their economic responsibilities, and are seeking to manage and account for these activities in an appropriate manner.

Corporate sustainability reporting has become such an important issue that most companies are now embracing because of its long term impact on the performance of the corporation. Statistics from Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reflect this trend in Sustainability Reporting. According to Peiyuan, Xubiao & Ningdi (2007), the number of enterprises writing sustainability reports based on GRI framework worldwide increased from 150 in 2002 to 750 in 2005. “From 1 January to 31 December 2010, the number of sustainability reports registered on the GRI Reports List increased by 22 percent” (GRI, 2011).
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The importance of corporate sustainability on organizational performance cannot be overemphasized. As stated before, corporate sustainability is an approach that creates long-term stakeholder value by implementing a business strategy that considers every dimension of how a business operates in the ethical, social, environmental, cultural, and economic spheres. That is to say in the absence of corporate sustainability, an organization will pay little or no attention to ethical, social, environmental, cultural economic spheres of life. This will definitely spell doom on the organization in particular and on the society at large; the shareholders of the organization will no longer be satisfied since the organization is no longer profitable.

In a corporation where there is no sustainability practice, the major goal and priority of management becomes the maximization of profit. This profit goal must be achieve even when it is to the detriment of the shareholders, society, community, workers, and culture. Corporations that still contaminate rivers, burn deadly chemical in the air, defy ethical principles, produce product that are not up to standard and other immoral deed, are clearly not practicing corporate sustainability.

The issue of corporate sustainability should be taken very seriously because it has a positive impact on the performance of any organization. Chukwuweike (2004), once said in an informal gathering that the most tangible difference between a successful and profitable organization with a strong brand name and other unsuccessful, weak, liquidating and unprofitable business is the adoption of corporate sustainability. Knowing this, it is therefore very imperative that the study of how important corporate sustainability is to organizational performance in particular and the nation in general should be carried out.

It has been observed that MTN is always having challenges when it comes to obeying government policies; and that is why it is always being surcharged by government. For instance, at the beginning of the Buhari Administration in 2015, the company failed to meet the deadline set by government to all GSM telephone companies in Nigeria to re-register all their subscribers so as to have all subscribers in their data banks. Consequently, the company was fined six billion Naira by government for failure to meet the deadline. It is pertinent therefore to find out how its policies on crises management, code of conduct for its employees, and compliance with statutory regulations, which are sustainability factors, affect the organizational performance of the company.
1.3 Research Objectives

The research objectives for this study are:
To establish how crises management in MTN affects the company’s earnings per share
To ascertain how the code of conduct for MTN’s employees affects the company’s reputation.
To determine how compliance with statutory regulations affects MTN’s return on equity.
1.4 Research Questions

In order to have a better understanding of this research work, the following research question will be asked.
How does crises management in MTN affect the company’s earnings per share?
How does the code of conduct for MTN’s employees affect the company’s reputation?
How does compliance with statutory regulations affect MTN’s return on equity?
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study

The following hypotheses will be stated in their null forms
H0: Crises management in MTN affects the company’s earnings per share.
H1: Crises management in MTN does not affect the company’s earnings per share.
H0: The code of conduct for MTN’s employees affects the company’s reputation.
H2: The code of conduct for MTN’s employees does not affect the company’s reputation
H0: Compliance with statutory regulations affects MTN’s return on equity.
H3: Compliance with statutory regulations does not affect MTN’s return on equity.
1.6 Scope of the Study

The trust of this study is on the ascertainment of the level of effects of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Performances using Breweries Company in Benin City.
1.7 Limitations of the Study

Conducting a research encounter a lot of obstacles just as in any developing country. In this research the following limitation is encountered. The researcher encountered the problem of sourcing for data. This is because the extent of prior research literature available on Corporate Sustainability Reporting by Nigerian companies is limited. In spite of dearth of data, the researcher was able to collect enough through friends and the internet and was able to address the research questions.
1.8 Significance of the Study

The significance of this research is viewed from two major perspectives – practical and academic.
(a) Practical Significance

This research will assist various stakeholders in the following ways:
Organisations Management:

Corporate Sustainability is rapidly evolving; hence different standards and frameworks have emerged. This research will assist organisations management in determining which sustainability standards and guidelines to follow.
Regulatory Authorities:

From a regulatory perspective, there are currently no legislative requirements in Nigeria for companies to prepare and publish sustainability reports. This research will help in enhancing understanding of the scope of knowledge of regulatory authorities like Corporate Affairs Commission and the legislative arm of government in putting in place regulations that encourage corporate sustainability.
Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria:

From standard setting perspective, there is currently no local standard for companies to prepare and publish sustainability reports. This research will serve as a wakeup call for the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria to put machineries in place for Sustainability Reporting standard or guidelines.
Local Communities and Other Stakeholders:

This research will help to educate local communities where these companies operate and other stakeholders like employees and social and environmental non-governmental organisations regarding the adequacy and potentials of corporate Sustainability Reporting to meet their information needs and help them hold companies to account.
Companies yet to adopt corporate sustainability:

This research will help companies that are yet to adopt corporate sustainability practices to understand the pros and cons of this evolving reporting system and its impact on organizational performances. They will be better placed to take decision on whether to adopt this reporting system or not.
b. Academic Significance

In the area of academics, the significance of this research will arise from the following ways:
It will contribute to the enrichment of the literature on Sustainability Reporting.
It will throw more light to students, scholars and academics on the relationship between Corporate Sustainability and performance of companies.
The research will serve as a body of reserved knowledge to be referred to by researchers. That is to say it will increase the frontier of knowledge.
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms

The following definitions relevant for the study shall be adopted.
1. Corporate Sustainability:

A business approach that creates long term stakeholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks derived from economic, environmental and social performance.
2. Organizational Performance:

This represents a general measure of a firm’s overall financial health over a given period of time.
3. Crises management:

Crisis management is the application of strategies designed to help an organization deal with a sudden and significant negative event.
4. Earnings per share:

Earnings per share or EPS are an important financial measure, which indicates the profitability of a company. It is calculated by dividing the company’s net income with its total number of outstanding shares. It is a tool that market participants use frequently to gauge the profitability of a company before buying its shares.
5. Code of conduct:

Is a set of rules outlining the social norms, religious rules and responsibilities of, and or proper practices for, an individual. In its 2007 International Good Practice Guidance, “Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations”, the International Federation of Accountants provided the following working definition.
6. Company’s reputation:

The collective assessments of a corporation’s past actions and the ability of the company to deliver improving business results to multiple stockholders over time. For example, many businesses assess corporate reputations using financial soundness, quality of management, products and services and market competitiveness as the criteria for ranking.
7. Compliance with statutory regulations:

Compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law. Regulatory compliance describes the goal that organizations aspire to achieve in their efforts to ensure that they are aware of and take steps to comply with relevant laws, policies, and regulations.[1] Due to the increasing number of regulations and need for operational transparency, organizations are increasingly adopting the use of consolidated and harmonized sets of compliance controls.[2] This approach is used to ensure that all necessary governance requirements can be met without the unnecessary duplication of effort and activity from resources.
8. Return on equity:

Also referred to as ROE or net assets or assets minus liabilities, it is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to the book value of shareholder equity. It is a measure of how well a company uses investments to generate earnings growth.

The Impact Of Deregulation On The Downstream Sector (Oil Industry) On The Nigeria Economy: A Critical Appraisal

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction

Since its discovery in Nigeria, in the early 1970s crude oil has remained the mainstay and the dominant export and foreign exchange earner of the Nigerian economy. Where as it contributes 2% to government revenue in 1970, it has risen to 81% by 1981 and it accounted for about 98% of our total export during the same year. This after 30 years of commercial exploitation of oil in the country, Nigeria remains largely an exporter of light and importer of heavy oil and refined petroleum products in general.

This implies that any disequilibrium in the world market with respect to the demand and pricing of oil will have a decisive effect on our domestic activities. The lopsidedness in the pattern of development of Nigeria oil resources, Nigeriacurrently depends largely on importers to supplement the output of both theKaduna and Port Harcourt refineries to meet the consumptions requirement of the populace.

The genesis of the present crisis in the oil sector is traceable to the deep rooted lopsidedness in the development of crude oil. The sporadic and lingering merger crises in the country, in recent time, which has assumed an alarming dimension with the attendant excruciating scarcity of petroleum products and commitant hardship on the citizenry definitely call for a strategic review of investment in the oil sectors.

In order to enhance an efficient and uninterrupted supply of petroleum products there is the need to attract more private sector in particular in the refinery products, which have been on exclusive preserve of government and its parastatals. It is as a result of this that the Nigerian down stream petroleum marketing sector was fully deregulated effective from 1st October, 2008.
1.1 Background Information Of The Study

Due to the problem associated with pricing and distribution of petroleum product nation wide, the government has resolved to deregulate the downstream sector of the oil industry to increase on the effectiveness and efficiency of the pricing and distribution system and curb the associated problems.

The policy of the government is necessitated by in-active and incapacitation of the refineries to meet the petroleum product requirements of the populace, coupled with mal-administration, misappropriate in and bad management practice that characterized all public corporations, the oil sector inclusive. To avoid excess spending of government on the subsidy of petroleum products, deregulation of downstream sector now become inevitable. As one will agree, there is no government in any part of the world that can survive by running a programme of subsidy in petroleum products.

Economic experts and policy markers, all over the world have since recognized the prime role and active present of private entrepreneurship in the development of most or all the sectors of the economy of which oil sector is no exception.

This, the federal government of Nigeria also came to realise after spending heavily on subsidy and resulting to persistence increase in the price of oil products all of which do not solve the lingering problems of supply and distribution of petroleum products in the country. It should be noted that by subsidizing petroleum product prices, the government is dipping hands into the federation account and utilizing money which, ordinary, would have been used to energizing both the micro and macro-economic activities of the nation.

Full deregulation will impact positively on Nigeria structure. The advantage of such will be free in economic activities enhance growth and development.

Deregulation has generated heated emotional reactions from outspoken organised group, which include labour, professional bodies etc. This is understandable, because the individuals and groups do not have sufficient information on the process between procurement and delivery of the petroleum product to the end users. The current government policy of deregulation is inevitable consequence of a collapsing down stream sector, arising from government inability to raise the required finance to sustain the importation of refined petroleum product. It is quite obvious that Nigerian oil industry has been plagued by serious ailment which can be likened to the dreaded Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), but unlike AIDS however, the problems in our oil industry are not incurable as there exist some well known solution and remedies. The government and the citizen, including the Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) have been at logger head over the issue of price deregulation or removal of subsidy in petroleum industry. The government claims that this is necessary to arrest the scourge of perennial and incessant scarcity of petroleum products across the nation, which seems to have defiled previous solution. Government further asserts that the price deregulation would stamp out or least drastically reduces the incidence of smuggling of petroleum products across the borders of neighbouring countries. Where the products sell for much higher price on the parts, the NLC leadership become incurred over what it claimed is government gross insensitivity to the plight of the suffering workers and the masses as a whole. Furthermore, NLC is of the conviction that government cannot claim to be subsidizing the price of petroleum product in Nigeria with those countries, especially neighbouring countries that do not produce oil. It affirms that the problems in Nigeria oil industry are as a result of corrupt practice by NNPC official the ruling class some greedy traditional ruler, serving and retired military top brass, all of whom uses are one form or the other to suck the nation dry through NNPC and its subsidiaries. It will therefore, be quite unjust and inequitable for government to punish the masses by claim to be removing non-existing subsidy (Adams Oshiomole, 2001).

It seems that while looking out from the same window of deregulation, the government appears to be setting only optimism and hope, while the NLC on his part can only see more anguish and suffering for the Nigerian workers, their family and the masses as a whole. This could be linked to a situation where two prisoners looked out from the same window, one saw a cloud of dust, while the other saw a mass of shining bright sky.

With the oil sector deregulation on the horizon the issue now become more than an ordinary few between the government and the NLC, as various groups and individuals now joining in the debate, majority of whom are taking side with NLC. These groups and individuals are of the opinion that Nigerian being the world sixth largest oil producer should not have her citizen pay as much as the prices deregulation would bring about on petroleum products. It is believed that the higher prices of petroleum products in the world, causes incessant increment in the product prices in Nigeria as a result of massive importation which is due to improper functioning and incapacitation of the refineries could be cushioned by the windfall the country realizes from its exportation of her crude oil, so that Nigeria, a major producer of crude oil, will not be burdened by exorbitant price. Nigerians believers that the introduction of the policy of this part is ill-advised and ill-timed.

It is believed that the policy should have been introduced after the nation refineries, which have a combined refining capacity of 44,000 barrels per day will return to optimum production. It is opined that by deregulating the down stream sector of the oil industry without the refinery functioning properly is an attempt, which would not yield a good dividend.

The long running battle between labour and government, produce a case study on how not to conduct industrial relation petroleum product distribution has been a perennial problem, which started as far back as 1970, the problem has persisted till date. The problem stemmed from inadequate supply to inappropriate pricing of the world.

In the light of the foregoing, there is need to embark on a well-articulated media campaign to enlighten the populace on the policy and why it should be sustained in the overall interest of our country. It is imperative to engage public opinion with a view to overcome any objection to the deregulation in the down stream sectors of the oil industry.

The government should also make conscious effort to effect the repairs of refineries, the Turn Around Maintenance (TAM) of the refineries, which have been delayed for too long should be awarded to experienced contractors to handle, while a way to cushion the effect on workers should be fashioned out. Also the masses should be more empowered economically to face the incidence of capitalization which deregulation is all about.
1.2 Scope Of The Study

The oil sector is a sector that has effect on all other sectors of the economy any development in the oil sector affects other sectors in the economy, hence a study of this nature requires time, money and personnel.
1.3 Objective Of The Study

This study as carried out among others, to:
Describe deregulation in the real sense of it
Highlight the benefits of deregulation
Determine it efficiency in procurement and distribution of petroleum product would increase with deregulation.
Analyse the impact of deregulation on the Nigerian economy.
1.4 Purpose Of The Study

This study will adequately educate on deregulation to analyse the managerial control of the deregulated companies to show the benefit derivable from deregulation of the petroleum in improving deeply unconscious economy.
1.5 Limitation Of The Study

The petroleum (oil) sector is a sector that impact on all other sectors of the economy. Improvement on the petroleum (oil) sector affects other sectors in the economy, hence a study of this nature require the following time, money and resources person so as to curb the limitation of the oil sectors of the economy.
1.6 Definition Of Key Words
i. The Down Stream Sector:

This relates to all activities, which follow after crude oil or natural gas has been collected at the opening of a process plant such activities generally referred to as manufacturing and marketing, include refining, treating, conversion and marketing of petroleum products petrochemicals and all auxillary services related to it.
ii. Deregulation:

This is the process of removing or eliminating the monopolistic power of particular economic activities as a result of ineffectiveness and inefficiency in order to involve private sectors participation.
iii. Importation:

This is the process of bringing goods and services from other countries in order to increase the standard of oil sector industry on Nigeriaeconomy.
iv. Policies:

According to the advance learner dictionary. A place of action agree or chosen to guide the operation of a particular sector.
v. Petroleum:

It is also call crude oil, according to Ababio (1998) petroleum is defined as a mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid alkanes and others.
vi. Subsidy:

This is the amount of money (capital) provided by the government to reduce the cost of production of a particular product

Staff Motivation And Productivity In An Organization (A Case Study Of UBA Bank Ilorin)

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM




Staff Motivation And Productivity In An Organization (A Case Study Of UBA Bank Ilorin)

Abstract




This project is divided into five chapter,




Chapter one consist of background of the study , introduction, statement of the problem , with productivity problem, objective of the study scope and limitation of the study , Definition of key term and plan of the study .

Chapter two consist of literature review motivation theories, maslows need Hierarchy theories, two factors theory , motivation factor and theory x and y Douglas mc Gregor.

Chapter three also consist of research, methodology, sources of data and information, method of data collection , research problem and background of the study

Chapter four we also focus on data analysis, data presentation, motivation techniques by kwara hotel, how motivation helps productivity in kwara hotels.

Chapter five also focus on summary, conclusion and recommendation. Summary of findings, conclusion, recommendation, references and appendix.




Table of Contents




Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Table of contents

Abstract




Chapter One:

Background of the Study




1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Statement of the problems, with productivity problem

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope and limitation of the study

1.6 Definition of Key term

1.7 Plan of the study




Chapter Two:

Literature Review




2.1 Motivation theories

2.2 Maslows Need Hierarchy Theories

2.3 Two Factors Theory

2.4 Motivation Factor

2.5 Motivation Factors




Chapter Three:

Research Methodology




3.1 Sources of Data and Information

3.2 Method of data collection

3.3 Research Problem

3.4 Historical Background of the study




Chapter Four:

Data Analysis




4.1 Data presentation

4.2 Motivation techniques by Kwara Hotel

4.3 How motivation helps productivity in Kwara Hotels




Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations




5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Conclusion’

5.3 Recommendations

References




Chapter One

1.0 Background of the Study




Motivation can be defined as an internal psychological process whose presences or absences is inferred from observed performances.




Motivation can also be defined as an inner urge that derive or geared people to perform.




People differ not only in their ability to do, but also in their love to do”, this love is (called motivation) it depends their strength of their motives.




Motivation is an internal driving force which result in persistent behaviour directed towards a particular goal.-

PUGH (1991;53) assert that motivation is a perennial organization problem, which change from generation to generation as economics condition and social valued changes. He then define it as a decision making process through which the individual chooses desired outcome and set in motion the behaviour appropriate to acquiring them.




CORR1FIN (1992;127) define it as a set of forces that cause people to behave in particular way, according to him, motivation ability and environment determine performance. It is an emerging force that induces or compels and maintains.




NWACHUKU (1981), Motivation is a general term applied to the entire class of derives desires, needs, and wishes, and so on it is the act of influencing and stimulating individuals, to action/work it is a process which governs the choices made by person among various forms of voluntary action.

1.1 Introduction




Motivation is a management tools, management is very exciting and dynamics discipline which has a special appeal to people who aimed at getting things done in an effective and efficient way, the art of defining management is however not easy.




Management can be view from different aspect of main’s activities in his effort to achieve the stated objective of an organization effectively and efficiently white some people has the terms that help management to operate, control, and ‘co-ordinate effectively and efficiently.




Motivation is a process and manner in which the objectives of an organization are achieved through the combinations and co-ordination of the available resources which are motivation of work to increase the level of productivity.




However, for implementation to work out effectively there are some management skill, needed by managers which will assist in carrying out his/her duties in an organization effectively.




Robert Katz classified skill as basic of works to help managers to work effectively in an organization.




In his book called managerial techniques and skills (1862)pg 63

i. Technical Skills:




This is the ability of a manager to use tools and procedure and techniques in Specialized field,

ii. Human Skills:




This is an ability of the mental that requires understanding and motivates people

to achieve the stated goals,

iii. Conceptual Skills:




Is also a mental ability require of manager to co-ordindate and integrate all the interest of an organization.




Finally, this study will look into management skill, how it has helped early organization and in our modern days with it usefulness in staff motivation and it productivity in an organization.

1.2 Statement of the Problems




In every organization today, there is a huge tendency that the organization will be facing- problem within and outside the organization.




The internal problem which may also arise from the part of the productivity and how to motivate work.

First if there is financial problem, when the organization is handicap financial on the increase of improving it product and not by able to maintain it services, their worker may not be motivated to the extends needed more over salary of work may be affected and this will reduce staff ability and effort on productivities.




Secondly, if there is no accurate about the time lay between the satisfaction of the lower level and emergence of a higher level needs.




However, main problem that this organization may encountered as at present is the completion of the questionnaires because some of these staff were very busy as a result of change of management.




Thirdly political and economics problems currently facing the country, make it difficult for the organization to set as much as possible for motivation system are likely to be facing job enrichment, if the job environment and job itself is not enriched by any means, then the worker will not be motivated, which may also affect the level of productivity and effort of worker-will be reduce.




Also, if in any motivation system there is no improve in any forms, then problem will occur if there is no dynamic improvement in procedure, guideline of work and the management is statistic then, worker will not be motivated.

Any organization that does not give records or account for work that have been alone in every work place, this will also encourage the worker and there will be problem in the system and. it will not move worker to add effort because the effort is not accounted for, which say without accounting for work done then performance appraisal will not be encouraged.




Finally, if there is no career development mode for worker (staff, the organization will be a garbage in and out of the system, organization should set career development arena for staff.

1.3 Objectives of the Study




The main .objective and purpose of the study is to find out the impact of the staff motivation and productivities in an organization.




The objectives of the study is as follows:




Significance of the staff motivation in Kwara Hotel Limited Ilorin.

How productivity is to be handle in Kwara Hotel and it usefulness of their services,

Highlight the connection between motivation, productivities and efficiency,

To evaluate and examine the role of the kwara hotel management board and the Kwara Hotels Management in the staff.

To cross check the motivation made and techniques on the yearly bases.

Motivation will be used to check and know the level of worker ability and how to pool his/her effort forward in work,

The planning procedure will be checked on how to improve worker/staff ability on productivity.




1.4 Significance of the Study




Motivation is the essence of effective management is the focal point of any management procedure to compensate work on their ability.




However, motivation to me is the lifeblood of any organization, the ability to transmit measure of work ability and to react to them in an organization.




This-project will throw light on the issue that effect motivation in Kwara Hotel Limited, Ilorin, Kwara Hotel Limited is taken as the case study. The study will look at the different of motivation use in Kwara Hotel Limited.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study




The research work is mainly to lay emphasis on the staff motivation and productivity on organization.




A close look will be made into Kwara Hotel Limited motivation system, the research work comprise of the relevant roles and importance of motivation in an organization.




This lead us to know how the hotels manager motivate her workers and react to such motivation.




Discussing the motivation system will help to check and ensure that employee effort’ are well compensated.

Also, workers who are not working to the level of organization will be compensated.

1.6 The Plan of the Study




The plan of the study is to motivate staff in the organization. The case study of Kwara Hotel Limited, Ilorin. Staffs in an organization can be motivated in different ways, motivation of staff is design and also introduced in order to maintain good organization name and integrity and to increase production scale and good product quality in cases of Production Company or firms. In an organization like Kwara Hotel Limited, Staffs with good customer relations or good moral will earn the organization good name. The following are ways of motivating staff in an organization.




Introduction

Provision of souvenirs

Salary increment

Provision of welfare services




1. Introduction of Seminars




Seminar is a, gathering for training of people, this seminars is often introduced to teach staff.




Good customer relations

Tenet of operational excellence

Moral and the human resources policy




All these are introduced to motivate staff in an organization in order to meet the global requirement of an organization.

2. Provision of Souvenir




Souvenir can be regarded as a thing that is kept as a reminder of a person, place or an events. This is also a thing that is kept as a Momentum or remembrance. Provision of souvenir including keeping of an item or a thing for the workers/staffs in order to keep them remembering the organization.




This also include provision of wrist-band, wrist-watch, t-shirt, biro; etc. in which the logo or trademark of the company or organization will be designed or printed on it.

3. Salary Increment




This can be defined as a regular increase in the amount of salary paid to worker/staff for the job done.

This can be regarded as increment in the salary of the workers. This will motivate the worker and encourage them to put more effort on their performance of the job. This will also increase the morale creativity and productivity of the staff.

4. Provision of Welfare Services




Welfare services can be defined as a condition of having good health, comfortable living and good working conditions. The provision of services such as media services, free housing transport, sport and recreational facilities, staff esteem, club services etc. This will secure the loyalty of workers/staff and induce the effective performance of their job.

1.7 Historical Background of the Study History of Kwara Hotel




The foundation of Kwara Hotel was laid by the Military Governor of the state, Lt. Col, David L. Bamigboye on 24rh March, 1971. The Hotel was officially declared opened on the 25th of January, 1975 by Col. D.L. Bamigboye, who was still the military governor of the state. The Registration Certificate for the Hotel was obtained on 14th June, 1973 with RC number 11577.




As at that time, the Hotel comprise of only one building, the “WING A” with only 72 rooms.- Later, it was discovered that there would be need for more rooms due to expansion of hospitality business in the state. The foundation stone for the second building tagged “WING B” was laid by then the Military Administrator, Col. Sunday O. Ifere on the 20th September, 1979. the Wing B comprises of 99 rooms. 8 chalets were later built, bringing the total number of rooms available for sales to 179.




The hotel was later redesigned and upgraded in year 2000 by then the Executive Governor, Alh. Mohammed’Lawal. It was re-Opened for business on 18th March, 2003. It was also renamed MIDWAY INTERNATIONAL HOTEL when it was re-opened. However, the name was changed back to KWARA HOTEL in 2004 to identify with the state.




Different management companies have been contracted to manage the hotel at different times; Arewa Hotels Ltd, Beni Geva & Co., Shlomo Hasson & Co., WHotels Ltd, among others-.




The room types in the Hotel are broken down into the following categories.




Standard Rooms = 87

Executive rooms = 09

Kwara club standard = 60

Kwara club executive = 04

Suites = 09

Chalets = 08

Triple suite =01

Presidential suite =01




The hotel has the following facilities,




Banquet Hall that could host up to 1,000 people, 3 other smaller halls that could host between 50 and 150 people.




An emirate restaurant

A coffee bar

A garden tagged ARIYA GARDEN that is also used to host events and could host up to 1,500 people.

A sports and recreational centre named PHYSIQUE ACADEMY that has the following facilities; a modern Gymnasium with professional instructors 15 quash court, 2 Badminton Courts, 3 Lawn Tennis courts, 1 Olympic size swimming pool with 1 children pool, 1 basket ball court, 1 football field, also there are so many other indoor games like scrabble, chess, monopoly, pool, etc.




Presently, the Hotel has. been leased to KH MANAGEMENT and INTEGRATED SERVICES LTD since 2009, when the state government saw the need to run the hotel as private business enterprise. It is being managed by a South African company, “CRESTA HOSPITALITY.

1.8 Definition of the Key Term




The terminology associated with this research topic must be well defined so as to allow perfect understanding of the subject matter.




Among these are stated below;

Staff:




This can be regarded as all the workers employed in an organization considered as a group.

Motivation:




This is the set of process that moves or motivates a person towards a goal. This can also be regarded as the driving force by which we achieve our goals.

Productivity:




This means the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods, and amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them.

Organization:




This can be defined as a group of people who form a business together in order to achieve as particular aim.

Management:




This can be defined as a social process entailing responsibility for the effective and economic planning and regulation of the operative of an enterprises for the fulfillment of a given tasks.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Summary of Findings




Staff motivation has become necessary in today’s organization. Highly productive organization in today’s economy, made use of motivation in order to increase the productivity of the organization. Motivation as a management tools can be seen from the area of the motivation impact on staff of Kwara Hotel Management.




In case of this study, the researcher was able to find out that the encouragement and persuasive power of the management staff to a large extent, how it have assisted them in achieving their set objectives through efficiency and effectiveness.




Furthermore, it was also established from the finding that motivation activities played a major role in ensuring” effectiveness and increase productivity. From the analysis, it also obtained that the 90% of the respondents agreed that new salary structure does not brings about effectiveness. This is because it is not only financial reward that could influence the productivity but other factor such as non-financial reward (promotion, welfare services).




Therefore,, in Kwara Hotel Management, it is increasingly difficult to depends on the general effect of motivation in determining the productivity of an organization. It is observed that staff motivation increase the morale and development of the workers. Staff motivation also induce workers to be more committed to the job giving them.

Furthermore, it was also found out in McGregor theory that says that to be more’ realistic, explanatory of human motivation behaviour, that people are not lazy but needs persuasion to induce them to work.




To emphasize the staff motivation in increasing the productivity of an organization, the respondent claim that motivation factors like monetary rewards, promotion, training, adequate welfare facilities and a conducive environment have positive influence on employee behaviour and performance of the jobs. All these factors influence workers interest and enhance their efficiency toward the achievement of organization objectives.

5.2 Conclusion




Motivation is a management tools and if we apply it, it will go a long way in improving efficiency, … effectiveness and put of workers. Based on the reviews of literature on motivation of staff in an organization, people like to work harder when they wanted to do, but threat and punishment are not best alternative genuine enthusiasm a sound motivation system will include a range of motivation designed to meet employee’s need. It is very important for the management to identify the management problem and should therefore introduce incentive programme that will motivate workers to put in their best to the hotel services.




Therefore there should be mutual understanding between the various worker associated and the management. Management should be given room for a round table discussion with the leader of labour union, by so doing, the issue bothering staff welfare should be brought to round table for negotiation with . the management so it can be discussed and arrived at a meaningful negotiation.

5.3 Recommendations




The management of the organization should find a way out or solution to the statement of the problem.




Management of the Hotel should try and enrich the job, through job enrichment means, this will help to motivate staff properly and staff will spore towards their work.




Secondly, management should give record and award to work being accounted for by staff and give good account for the work done. Management should improve in their modern style and method of attending to staff issue and problem. And the management should have career development for staff and personnel, this will let the workers to work very well.




Finally, motivation should be given tools and techniques on work, procedure on motivation system.

The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The Performance Of Access Bank Plc Kaduna

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1. Background Of The Study

Corporate social responsibility is one vital aspect of any business. However, this is one area where grievous mistakes have been made. Companies need to understand the subject its concept, theories as well as the benefits there of.

In today’s business environment, business organization are being expected to assume broader and more diverse responsibilities to the various groups within the society in Nigeria., various communities in which some major companies are operating have been demanding for one thing or the other especially in riverine area such as River state asking oil companies in conjunction with (NNPC) Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation to provide drinkable water, giving scholarship to their children, building hospitals, more schools and given them compensation due to the damage cause on their farmland.

Business firms not being socially responsible, infact lead youths of the communities to agitate for their right such is the case of the riverine areas. There is no doubt that there is an increasing amount of attention directed to social responsibilities in business firms.

Corporate social responsibility is the sense of obligation on the part of the organization to build certain social concern and criteria into their strategic decision making process. EVBOROKGHAI (2003).

Social responsibility by Andrews (1971) is the intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of the society that restrains individual and corporate behaviour from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately profitable, and leads to the direction of positive contributions to human betterment, variously as the latter may be defined. The concept implies that when companies evaluate decisions from an ethical perspective there should be a presumption in favour of adopting courses of action that enhance the welfare of society at large. The point stressed in these definition is that when making decisions, business men or organizations should consider the social interest of people in society. These among other reasons probe the researcher to embark on this research work.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem

Access Bank Plc, is a very reputable organization whose services is a visible friend in almost every home in the society, but do not have a defined policy on social responsibility.
Base on the above, many companies use the strategy of benchmarking to compete within their respective industries in corporate social responsibility policy, implementation and effectiveness.
Bench marking involves reviewing corporate social responsibility initiatives, as well as measuring and evaluating the impact that those policies have on society and the environment and how costumers perceive corporate social responsibility strategy.
After a comprehensive study and an internal policy review performed, a comparison can be drawn.
1.3 Objectives Of The Study

The objective of the study is to look into the impact of corporate social responsibilities on the performance of business organizations and they include:-
To examine social responsibility between/among business organizations, government and its agencies, stakeholders and the society at large.
To examine the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of business organization
To find out new areas in which business organizations can engage so as to strengthen its relationship among various stakeholders that make up the society.
To find out how business organization contribute to national development through charity donations in times of disasters, obedience and respect for governmental laws and policies, partnering with government financially in ensuring a healthy and vigorous economy.
1.4 Significance Of The Study

The study intends to present the under listed significance of the study as:

The research work seeks to create awareness on the need to engage in social responsibility in banking sector

Also, it seeks to bring into limelight how newly established organizations can use the concept of corporate social responsibility to capitalize on opportunities in their business environment.

The project would also be useful for scholars in the field of business administration and others to understand the basic concept on the area of social responsibility
1.5 Research Questions
What are the new areas in which business organizations can engage so as to strengthen its relationship among various stakeholders that make up the society?
What are the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of Access Bank Plc?
What extent have corporate social responsibility impacted positively among/between business organizations?
What are the contributions of social responsibility to the national development in ensuring healthy and vigorous economy?
1.6 Scope Of The Study

The scope of the study will center on the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of Access bank plc with special reference to Kaduna Central Market Branch office, Ibrahim Taiwo Road, to examine the nature, size and breath of activity in business organizations. Social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discreational expectations that society has on organizations from 2006 to 2011.
1.7 Limitation Of The Study

Some of the available constraint faced by the researcher are presented below:
Time constraint: To do adequate justice, the duration allowed for the completion and submission of this research work is very limited, not to talk about other school activities such as coping with lectures, tests schedules and most of all researching for assignment and the project work at hand.
Financial constraints: The work is really tasking and in my financial capacity as a student it is not easy to meet up with.
Sourcing for adequate and relevant information cover the research is not encouraging as the respondent where not cooperating.
1.8 Definition Of Terms

Various literary terms that sharpen the write up will be examined and defined as follows:
i. Ethics

Ethics according to Grace and Cohen (2005) includes standards of moral behaviour that is, behaviours that are acceptable by the society.
ii. Consumerism

Organized effect by individuals or groups aimed to project the users of various products and service from harmful or deceptive business practices Grace and Cohen (2005).
iii. Corporate social responsibility

According to Ronald and Ricky (1999) it is an attempt by business organizations to balance their commitment towards groups and individuals in it business environment.
iv. Social responsibility

According to Welhrich and Koontz (1994), it is the ability of an organization to relates its operations and policies to the environment in such ways that are mutually beneficial to the company and the society.
v. Social audit

According to Ronald and Ricky (1999) it is commitment to systematic assessment of reporting on some meaningful and definable domain of the company’s activities that have social impact.
vi. Corporate philanthropy

According to Michael E porter (1997), as a practical sympathy and benevolence shown by a business organization to various sectors of the society.
vii. Shareholders

According to Kenning (1998), the include interest groups that are tangible, visible and approachable groups or institutions which can exercise direct influence in the functioning or affairs of an organization
1.9 Historical Background Of The Case Study

Access bank plc commences operation in 24th march 1998 as one of the measures taken by the bank to spread it’s operations to the doorstep of the people.

Further to the approval of the shareholders of Access bank plc and intercontinental bank plc, the central bank of Nigeria and the securities and exchange commission announce the completion of the re-capitalization of intercontinental bank and the acquisition of 75% majority interest in the bank by Access bank plc. Effective 14th October 2011, intercontinental bank plc (including all its assets, liabilities and undertakings) became a subsidiary of Access bank plc.

Emphasis was placed on the fact that there was need for financial services. Prior to the opening of the branch, its officials embarked on mass continues awareness programme to sensitize the environs

Access bank plc takes corporate social responsibility seriously. It leads the business community by its efforts at promoting the doctrines of responsible corporate citizenship through initiative and programmes. That address economic, social and environmental challenges. Essential, the driving philosophy and objective of the bank ‘s corporate social responsibility are to affect lives of citizens and spur sustainable economic development in the societies the operate in.

Distribution Of Bread

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM


Abstract

The modern managers need problem identification and adequate information in these complex conditions of business in order to stay in the market and also to make viable decisions. These information are mostly gathered from effective and efficient research project and it is in these that the decisions are based.

In other words, this project research is aimed at giving such vital information that will aid the management of Macons bread to know their distribution effectiveness and factors influencing their distribution effectiveness.

The researcher made use of primary and secondary data. Primary data used include interviews and observation, the researcher specifically interviewed the managing director, production manger, and the sales man. While secondary data is on library sources as tools for gathering the data.

It is found out from the study, that the macons bread or the company are making use of delivery van to distribute their product to some places. The distributions are not supervised and communication facilities are poor, due to the poor transportation.

Major recommendation include government repair of roads to improve transport system of establishment supervision and distribution by the company sales man.

The company should arrange for training, for itself and public relation manager would improve the promotion on their product.
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study

The process by which goods were from the producer or area of abundance to the consumer or region of need or scarcity is known as Distribution.

The identification and production of consumers needs and wants is not complete without the practise of marketing concepts, if the product did not reach the consumer at the time, place, quantity and at the right price.

Therefore, for an effective and efficient marketing operation the goods must be made available at the most convenient place for the consumers to easily obtain the goods/ products thirst is distribution.

Most at times, the channels and patterns of distribution is determined by producers. A firms financial capability determines either for the firm to carryout a direct channel of distribution when such firm sells its product to the consumer on the other hand the firm is not solidly funded or a matter of marketing effectiveness cam move its product consumer through distribution specialist known as middlemen. The middlemen comprise agents. wholesalers, brokers and Retailers. The number of length of distribution channel open as on the nature of the product.

Industrial goods and durable consumerable goods can be a longer process of distribution from the manufacturer to an agent to the wholesalers, who sell is small quantities to the retailers who then sell to the ultimate consumers.

On the other side I hand non durable goods can take zero channel or one channel of distribution. Our subjects happens to fall in this category of goods because of its nature.

Bread is produced by mixing grounded cereal i.e. (Flour) granulated sugar, yeast, butter, water and carbon (IV) oxide and heated in oven to dry the moisture and rise due to the presence of carbon (IV) oxide. This combination makes bread very vulnerable to decay when it comes in contact with water or shut out of air. For this chemical nature of the product it takes a short channel of distribution in most cases in channel from the producer to retailers who sell in units to the consumers.

In Enugu Metropolis there are not less than twenty (20) bakery firm or industries. Notably among them are Macons International Ltd. (Makers of Macons Bread) located at (58 Ibadan street federal low cost, Housing Trans-Ekulu, Dax International (Bakery) Producer of Amechi Bread) 114 Agbani Road Enugu, Macons Bakery Enterprises, maker of Macons Bread, behind NNPC Depot Emene, Metro Bakery, No 10 Obiagu Road Ogui New lay Out and Croisant Technical Nigeria Ltd of Dens Cook Foods located at No 2 Agbani Road Enugu.

Of all the bakeries Macons Bread was chosen as my case study due to its large market share and sophisticated organizational structure.
The Organizational Chart Of Macons Bread
1.2 Statement of Distribution Problems
Macons Bread are not available to most consumers because major retail outlet usually had no stock.
Macons Bread are not conveniently procured because they are not easily found.
Macons Bread has poor transportation of their Product due to bad roads.
Macons Bread has insufficient of delivery van in order to reach many destination in Enugu.
Macons Bread should arrange for training for itself so that public relations manager would improve the promotion of their product.
Macons Bread have to qualified drivers.
1.3 Objective of the Study

Distribution plays important role in marketing activities therefore an effective and efficient distribution it enhances the satisfaction of the consumers.

Furthermore the distribution functions vary from firm to another defending on the type of product, therefore the market and the awareness stage of the consumers.

To this extents this research work is therefore a product.
To investigate the best channel of distribution of a product.
To determine distribution made to adapt for convenient purchase of Macons Bread
Identifying distribution problems confronting distribution in general and Macons Bread in particular.
And preferring solution to solve distribution problem militating against Macons Bread.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The Bread Industries
Nigerian economy
1.5 Scope of Limitation of the Study

In anything in human endeavour we expect some bottleneck along the lines, likewise this study. To reduce complexity problems involved in this nature of research the study reviewed to a particular firms and their distribution systems in the entire nation wide environment.

Therefore, this study is strictly limited to Macons Bread and its distribution system in Enugu Metropolis.

The firm was chosen due to its position in the mind of consumers and its large market share.
Limitation of the Study
1. Finance:

This researcher being student would not affect as much as to enable us to meet up with the financial requirement such as travelling to various places for materials since the researcher were spending of their meagre pocket money.
2. Time Factor:

The researcher could not carryout an idnepth study of the topic due to time constraint, we had to attend lectures and meet up with other academic requirements.
3. Late Return of Questionnaires:

Most reports had lukewarm attitude towards responding to questionnaires and also causes of late return of questionnaires constitutes some constraints.
4. Pressure of Course Work:-

The pressure of course work limits the area of coverage by the researcher. I attend to lectures, prepare assignments and reach quizzes, examinations and also carrying out the research.
5. Non-Availability or Relevant Materials:

Some of the relevant materials and information which would have helped the quantity or the research were not available to the researcher due to unwillingness or the respondents to supply certain information to the researcher.
1.6 Definition of Terms
NNPC:

Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation
LTD:

Limited
MD;

Managing Director
MO:

Marketing Operation
DCG:

Durable Consumable Goods
BAKER:

This is a place where bread baked for sale.
METROOLIS:

Chief region of a city or country.
LMS:

Large Market Share.



Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Abstract

The modern managers need problem identification and adequate information in these complex conditions of business in order to stay in the market and also to make viable decisions. These information are mostly gathered from effective and efficient research project and it is in these that the decisions are based.

In other words, this project research is aimed at giving such vital information that will aid the management of Macons bread to know their distribution effectiveness and factors influencing their distribution effectiveness.

The researcher made use of primary and secondary data. Primary data used include interviews and observation, the researcher specifically interviewed the managing director, production manger, and the sales man. While secondary data is on library sources as tools for gathering the data.

It is found out from the study, that the macons bread or the company are making use of delivery van to distribute their product to some places. The distributions are not supervised and communication facilities are poor, due to the poor transportation.

Major recommendation include government repair of roads to improve transport system of establishment supervision and distribution by the company sales man.

The company should arrange for training, for itself and public relation manager would improve the promotion on their product.
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study

The process by which goods were from the producer or area of abundance to the consumer or region of need or scarcity is known as Distribution.

The identification and production of consumers needs and wants is not complete without the practise of marketing concepts, if the product did not reach the consumer at the time, place, quantity and at the right price.

Therefore, for an effective and efficient marketing operation the goods must be made available at the most convenient place for the consumers to easily obtain the goods/ products thirst is distribution.

Most at times, the channels and patterns of distribution is determined by producers. A firms financial capability determines either for the firm to carryout a direct channel of distribution when such firm sells its product to the consumer on the other hand the firm is not solidly funded or a matter of marketing effectiveness cam move its product consumer through distribution specialist known as middlemen. The middlemen comprise agents. wholesalers, brokers and Retailers. The number of length of distribution channel open as on the nature of the product.

Industrial goods and durable consumerable goods can be a longer process of distribution from the manufacturer to an agent to the wholesalers, who sell is small quantities to the retailers who then sell to the ultimate consumers.

On the other side I hand non durable goods can take zero channel or one channel of distribution. Our subjects happens to fall in this category of goods because of its nature.

Bread is produced by mixing grounded cereal i.e. (Flour) granulated sugar, yeast, butter, water and carbon (IV) oxide and heated in oven to dry the moisture and rise due to the presence of carbon (IV) oxide. This combination makes bread very vulnerable to decay when it comes in contact with water or shut out of air. For this chemical nature of the product it takes a short channel of distribution in most cases in channel from the producer to retailers who sell in units to the consumers.

In Enugu Metropolis there are not less than twenty (20) bakery firm or industries. Notably among them are Macons International Ltd. (Makers of Macons Bread) located at (58 Ibadan street federal low cost, Housing Trans-Ekulu, Dax International (Bakery) Producer of Amechi Bread) 114 Agbani Road Enugu, Macons Bakery Enterprises, maker of Macons Bread, behind NNPC Depot Emene, Metro Bakery, No 10 Obiagu Road Ogui New lay Out and Croisant Technical Nigeria Ltd of Dens Cook Foods located at No 2 Agbani Road Enugu.

Of all the bakeries Macons Bread was chosen as my case study due to its large market share and sophisticated organizational structure.
The Organizational Chart Of Macons Bread
1.2 Statement of Distribution Problems
Macons Bread are not available to most consumers because major retail outlet usually had no stock.
Macons Bread are not conveniently procured because they are not easily found.
Macons Bread has poor transportation of their Product due to bad roads.
Macons Bread has insufficient of delivery van in order to reach many destination in Enugu.
Macons Bread should arrange for training for itself so that public relations manager would improve the promotion of their product.
Macons Bread have to qualified drivers.
1.3 Objective of the Study

Distribution plays important role in marketing activities therefore an effective and efficient distribution it enhances the satisfaction of the consumers.

Furthermore the distribution functions vary from firm to another defending on the type of product, therefore the market and the awareness stage of the consumers.

To this extents this research work is therefore a product.
To investigate the best channel of distribution of a product.
To determine distribution made to adapt for convenient purchase of Macons Bread
Identifying distribution problems confronting distribution in general and Macons Bread in particular.
And preferring solution to solve distribution problem militating against Macons Bread.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The Bread Industries
Nigerian economy
1.5 Scope of Limitation of the Study

In anything in human endeavour we expect some bottleneck along the lines, likewise this study. To reduce complexity problems involved in this nature of research the study reviewed to a particular firms and their distribution systems in the entire nation wide environment.

Therefore, this study is strictly limited to Macons Bread and its distribution system in Enugu Metropolis.

The firm was chosen due to its position in the mind of consumers and its large market share.
Limitation of the Study
1. Finance:

This researcher being student would not affect as much as to enable us to meet up with the financial requirement such as travelling to various places for materials since the researcher were spending of their meagre pocket money.
2. Time Factor:

The researcher could not carryout an idnepth study of the topic due to time constraint, we had to attend lectures and meet up with other academic requirements.
3. Late Return of Questionnaires:

Most reports had lukewarm attitude towards responding to questionnaires and also causes of late return of questionnaires constitutes some constraints.
4. Pressure of Course Work:-

The pressure of course work limits the area of coverage by the researcher. I attend to lectures, prepare assignments and reach quizzes, examinations and also carrying out the research.
5. Non-Availability or Relevant Materials:

Some of the relevant materials and information which would have helped the quantity or the research were not available to the researcher due to unwillingness or the respondents to supply certain information to the researcher.
1.6 Definition of Terms
NNPC:

Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation
LTD:

Limited
MD;

Managing Director
MO:

Marketing Operation
DCG:

Durable Consumable Goods
BAKER:

This is a place where bread baked for sale.
METROOLIS:

Chief region of a city or country.
LMS:

Large Market Share.

Survival Strategy Adoption By Small Scale Retail Out Let In Nigeria

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study

Survival strategy involves the development of a well-articulated marketing strategy plan for successful introduction of the product into the market.

The strategy is not static and would most probably undergo refinement and modification in subsequent stages.

The marketing strategy deals with the marketing mix co-ordinations that would be used. The market and the marketing budget. It could be broken down into sections,
The first section should describe, the market, size, structure, behavior and the company’s intended share of the possible project consequent on that.
The second part will delve deeper into the marketing mix component, the planned product quality that follows the first, the planned price, distribution and promotion strategy. The section should also include the marketing budget needed to carry out the strategy.
The third section is a fall out from the previous two it describes the long run scales and profit goals based on the first on two section.

This is the process that continues through development stage as new information is accumulated about the product and the market.

Several analytical tools are available to firm’s technique risk analysis and bayestan decision theory. They key to whether a product should be developed is whether it will find easily to sufficient market acceptance to return a satisfactory project to its firm. What are the expected minimums to maximum sales help determining risk involved.

The models for estimating sales adopted by differ depending on whether they are designed to estimate the sales of one tune purchased products, in infriquenting purchased product, or a frequently product (kotlered 210).

No matter what type of product the first task is to estimate first time purchased, many techniques are available for doing this, the method is to just estimate the market potential and then rate market penetration for each period. The factors like a price etc, which affect penetration, are considered.

Consumerism In Contributions Of Small Scale Business Enterprises To Economic Development

Project and Seminar Material for Business Administration and Management BAM
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study

Nigeria economy far back before the advent of oil exploration in the early 70’s was an agrarian economy. Nigeria was not considered a rich country at the time, but the nation was able to fed itself adequately and the economy was very buoyant. At this time, 85% of the country’s export earning was from agricultural product. During this period also, Nigeria has been making concerted effort toward the economic development of the sovereign nation. Most enterprises propelling the activities of the nation were mainly on large scale being set up by the federal government which were capital intensive, these enterprises were being operated mostly by foreigners some other industrial plants in the economy then, were owned by Europeans and also master minded by their experts.

The oil boom era shifted the nation’s emphasis from agriculture to mainly cruse oil. Nigeria had a lot of money, but that was the starting point of the problem of the economy. The economy could not move forward due to mismanagement by the country’s leadership that led to conspicuous extravagant spending the nation started suffering from economic depression such as inflation mass unemployment, high foreign debts, money devolution’s and so many others.

In response to these weaknesses of large scale enterprises, coupled with the total economic depression government then sought to promote small scale enterprises as a strategy for achieving self reliance and the only way to match on into an industrialized economy. Government has championed the campaign for individuals, most especially the unemployed one’s to be creative and be self employed.

Coupled with this quite a lot of funds programmes and employment scheme have been launched both at state and federal level. Some of these programmes are the national economic empowerment development strategy (NEEDS), small scale industry credit scheme (SSICS), National directorate of employment (NDE),Federal office of statistics, Niger Delta development commission (NDC), which have been providing loan facilities for small scale industrial owners.

To further show the importance of this sector and the potentials it has in promoting an industrialized and self- reliance economy, government national development plan of (2000-2010) explicitly stated the main objectivities of the programme geared toward the development of small scale industries as the creation of employment opportunities mobilization of local resource. These are to be achieved through complementary assistance to small scale entrepreneur in financial management, technical conceptual and human relations skills. The main vehicle designated for administering development centers (ADC) and the states small scale industrial scheme (SSIS)

Small scale businesses are generally more flexible and more willing to exploit new opportunities. Therefore a small scale enterprise encourages indigenous entrepreneurship which helps to develop our rural areas and reduce rural urban migration. Therefore it is undoptably accepted that small scale business enterprise forms the bed rock of any nation’s industrial take off.
1.2 Statement Of Problem

For Nigeria to excel industrially there is the need to promote and develop this sector because it serves as the bedrock of the countries industrial development. Unfortunately \,t he sector could not grow fast due to some problems facing the sector both internally and externally. This project work wills therefore investigation on the following:
Managerial problem that hinders the promotion of entrepreneurial development.
Lack of credit and infrastructure deficiencies.
Various administrations in Nigeria that lack the will and power to evolve appropriate institutional strategies to ensure a co-ordinate system of assistance to small business enterprises

Based on the knowledge gathered from this study, small business entrepreneur have limited experience and this should utilize simple and uncomplicated approach to planning their activities. The basic planning process for small entrepreneur development is as follows:
Resource Analysis: Analysis of yourself, know your business strengths and weakness, source of fund etc.
Environmental: Examine outside factors such as technological changes, government regulations, social trends etc.
Competitive Ability: Analysis of company’s strength and weaknesses in relation to its major competitors.
Setting objectives of the firm such as sales volume, growth of earnings return on investments, market share.
Firm opportunities & risks strengths & weaknesses market operating problems
Determination of appropriate strategies and tactics to achieve desired objectives economically.
1.3 Objectives Of The Study

Specifically, the main objectives of this study is to carryout research into what economic benefits Nigeria could derive from effective promotion of small scale business enterprise and also highlight the ways means and strategies that could be adopted to promote and facilitate the development of small scale business enterprise to promote economic self reliance in the society.

The importance of small scale enterprise in the promotion of economic self reliance has always been at the fore front of development strategies in Nigeria. However many developing countries have failed to adopt this strategy owing to their belief that it is a relatively slow process of industrialization.

Consequence, the objectives of this study are:
To examine the existing scheme for the promotion and development of small-scale business enterprises in Nigeria.
To identify the problem militating against the effectiveness of these scheme.
To suggest possible solution to the identified problem
To know the various administration in Nigeria that lack the will and power to evolve appropriate strategies to business enterprises
To know the lack of credit and infrastructural deficiencies in small business enterprises.
To know how to do with the establishment and operation of small business enterprises.

In addition, the study seek seeks to determine the potentials possessed by the country for the establishment development and growth of small scale industries. The analyses of all these factors are aimed at assessing the role of small-scale business entrepreneur in the growth of industries in the country.
1.4 Research Questions

It is the aim of this study to know the following:
What are the managerial problem that hinders the promotion of entrepreneurial development?
Why is it that some various administration in Nigeria lack the will and power to evolve appropriate strategies to small business enterprises?
Why is it that there is lack of credit and infrastructural deficiencies in small business enterprises?
What are the means of finding out the existing scheme for the promotion and development of small scale business enterprises?
1.5 Hypothesis Formulation
H0: Small-scale business enterprises do not lack source of credit and encouragements from government that facilitates growth
H1: Small-scale business enterprises lack source of credit and encouragements from government that facilitates growth
H0: Small scale business enterprises do not lack initial managerial and technical training to organize productive activities.
H1: Small scale business enterprises lack initial managerial and technical training to organize productive activities.
H0: General deficiency in infrastructural development do not hinders entrepreneurial development.
H1: General deficiency in infrastructural development hinders entrepreneurial development.
1.6 Significance Of The Study

Nigeria has suffered a great deal from mono-cultural dependence on one export commodity, she has also neglected agricultural which was her main-stay that use to account for the occupation of more than half of the total population of 80million people as at 1960.

The importance and role small- scale business enterprises played in a developing economy is so vast and enormous that this vital sector cannot ordinarily be relegated to background. One needs not to go into the sterility and idle state of many of our white elephant industrial projects. Infact, this sector will be more beneficial for restructuring our growing industrial economy in the short run than large industries.

A research project work on the contribution of small scale business enterprise to Nigerian economic self reliance will be beneficial to the following:
Small scale entrepreneur.
Small scale industries supporting agencies
State governments.
The entire business community in Nigeria
Prospective industries
The federal government for industrial planning and development

It is significant to not that most countries particularly the developing economic argued that the large scale industries have not played and cannot alone be expected to play a dynamic in the rapid economic growth and development of self reliance in the third world countries it has become evident in some countries that small scale industries which have been neglected could play the role faster than the large scale establishment in this direction, therefore this study becomes significant. This study also to a greater extent adds to the existing volume of knowledge about small scale industries contribution to self reliance thereby making references possible for future researcher in this areas of study.
1.7 Scope Of The Study

The scope of this study is contributions of small scale business enterprises to economic development.
1.8 Limitations Of The Study

Generally speaking conducing a research has always been fraught with difficulty and frustrations. This study is limited based on the fact that there is no teem finance, material resources and secrecy to see to the whole small scale business enterprises. This study is limited to my case study (oil field transport services limited Warri) with the following constraints:
Time:

Time constraints posed the most difficult handicap suffered while carrying out this project work.
Finance:

Financial constraints also contributed adversely in limiting the scope and operational area which could have been covered. The increase in transportation cost made it impossible for the researcher to make many call-backs as possible to obtain all the information necessary.
1.9 Definition Of Terms

In other to be explicit in this study, clarification is made of some terms and terminology used which may convey different meaning in every day use. Therefore, the following words are defined as they are conceptualized in this study.
a) National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy

This is a government policy aimed at strengthening country’s economy. it is a home grown policy of the present administration which seeks to empower the small scale industrialist and the people to be self reliant and be self employed.
b) Small Scale Industries Credit Scheme (SSICS)

A government sponsored institutionalized credit scheme whereby small-scale business man are directly given loans to start or expand their business.
c) National Directorate Of Employment (NDE)

It was set up by the federal government in November 1986 to work out strategies for dealing with the menace of mass unemployment in the country especially school leavers and college graduates, it’s initial core programmes were formally launched on 30th January 1987.
d) Federal Office Of Statistics

This is office that publishes official statistics for the country through its quarterly digest of statistics, annual abstract of statistics and monthly economic indicators. These contain statistical information on the economic and social aspects of Nigeria population density, age distribution, external trade etc.
e) Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC)

This is a commission set up be the government to look into the developmental needs of the oil producing states with a view to accelerating development and the area through execution of developmental projects and empowering the people of the area.