OWNERSHIP INFLUENCE AND CHALLENGES OF MEDIA ESTABLISHMENT IN EFFECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF NEWS INFORMATION

ABSTRACT



This project work is mainly based on the theoretical and practical approach of the ownership influence and challenges on media establishment in effective dissemination of news and information. In this work, the researcher tried to revaluate to types of the media that is, government owned media like NTA Awka Zonal station with a view to recommending a more effective ownership. That is the type of ownership influence and challenges that is geared towards attaining professionalism in media operation particularly in Nigeria. Moreover, it is also done in a critically way in order to examined the challenges facing Nigeria media establishment like Radio, Television, Newspaper, Magazine, Journals etc. The researcher narrowed down his research to television using NTA Awka as the case study. Below is a brief run-down of my research procedure and finding. The first chapter looked at the historical background of the study, stating the research problems and the aims and objectives of the study. It also highlighted the significance, research question and limitation of the study. Chapter two help to review critically the related literature. While chapter three states the research method to be used in carrying out the research. Like research design, sample method of data collection and analysis. Chapter four help to analyse the data collected and the result of the research in relation to research question. Finally chapter five help to summarize the entire research work and give some recommendation for further studies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Research Questions

1.6 Research Hypothesis

1.7 Scope of Studies

1.8 Limitation of the study

1.9 Theoretical Framework

1.10 Definition of Terms (Conceptual and Operational)

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1 Sources of Literature

2.2 The Review

2.3 Summary of Literature

References

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Research Method

3.2 Research Design

3.2 Area of Study

3.3 Research Population

3.4 Research Sample

3.5 Sampling Technique

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection

3.7 Method of Data Collection

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

3.9 Expected Result

Reference

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Interpretation of Findings

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

4.2 Analysis of Research Question/Hypothesis

4.3 Discussion of Result

Reference

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Summary of Major Findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As a researcher, one will be able to know that from the inception, that before the independence of Nigeria, electronic media establishment has been constituted in other to cater for the pleasure of entertaining and informing the colonial masters and its subject it is obvious that despite the adversarial role of providing entertainment for colonial masters and their subjects, that other responsibilities seems limited, like their pivotal roles.

Besides, in 1977, following the federal military government decision to take over all the television stations in the country. Former eastern Nigeria television authority “ENTA” has come to be known as Nigeria television authority “NTA” Awka Zonal station.

This early arrangement marked the beginning of dependency of these media stations of government, which by implication severely affected their function, responsibilities and independence. Because their legitimate function, has been projected, serving as the mouth piece of the government this follows a maxim that “he who pays the pipe-dictates the tune” NTA Awka basically and always sticks to the dictates of the government in power for its survival. Since its concept of freedom of disseminating information has been mortgage by the financial dependency of these media on government institutive and various mobilization campaigns by selecting and emphasizing these campaigns in the news. At times it goes further to do special reports to high light problem area for government attention.

Apart from the colonial set up in the history of ownership, ownership of mass media in the federal government of Nigeria constitution.

In section 36, sub section 1 -3 of Nigeria 79 constitution put it thus: “it provide for any one, the legal right to establish and operate any opinions, provided that only government at the federal and state level or other person or body authorized by the president shall be out fitted to establish or operate a wireless broadcast medium. And 1992, then Military Head of State, General Ibirahim Badamosi Babanigida promulgated a decree allowing private individual participation in the ownership of electronic media.

The motive of liberalizing the electronic media were purposely for two reasons firstly, to fine the gaps in government owned reportage and secondly to generate profit reward for the financial enterprise.

Minaji System Television (MST) 43 VHF Obosi, MST 41, Lagos/Abuja is the first private television station sited in Obos in the Eastern Regional market with its high level of governmental and industrial entrepreneurship activities and purchasing power. Africa Independent Television (AIT) owned by Raymond Aokpse in another notable private television in the country unlike “ NTA” Awka channel 5 which is owned and controlled by the government.

In other words, media are those channels of information, radio, TV, Journals, Newspaper and magazine which can make the same message available to across-section of people inspite of their distance from the serve of the message.

That is to say, as the nervous system receives, processes and interprets stimulus reaching the body in order to achieve the needs, organize and arrelate the activities of the body, the broadcast media today collects information from a wide diversity of sources and places in the globe processes and reports back to people located in an equally wide diversity of places in the Diaspora in an effort in their interaction and interdependency moves. Meluheni’s postulations attracted wide spread reactions, through one of such least technological over-determinism. Thus crities believes the concentration on the differences between media could undermine class examination of various types of message in the same medium or similar messages across media.

Nevertheless, the extent to which to broadcast media have gone in making the work smaller and more interaction it obviously lucid. The effects of these media are becoming so pervasive that people in the communication field are today talking of global neighborhood family. Therefore, regardless of what ever the radio and television say, (broadcast stimulating in reaching a heterogonous audience) facilitates relationship in the world to an unspeakable degree. During world soccer and Olympic event at least half of the world were focused on one topic a sport encounter between nations. The media thus set agenda, intereret and pursuits.

Apparentary, it entails a system comprising nations in the Diaspora where people live and work jointly regarding given economical, social and political objectives regardless of religion affiliation, language, race, ethnic nationalities, geography etc and where communication is used to give expression to the interactions.

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

It has always been claimed by government and private that interferences with the activities of the media, is non-conformity to the policies of owners have always resulted in the immediate dismissed of journalist from their duties.

Despite the excitement and noise about international relations, the international news and information media can hardly assume any meaningful international unity consciousness and responsibility. This is simply and squarely because each medium integrated in the welfare of its home country. The same thing applies to the news agencies. And treating news and information to suit a country interest means emphasizing individual peculiarities, which alienate other interests, introduce differences and complaints, and eventually become the problems and bane of true international cooperation through communication.

At present, international communication is an information background where countries showcase process in wilding linguistic energy solely to advance their interest. All efforts to realize genuine international inter-relationship based on equity, equality, justice and honest are given cosmetic touches and approached with ideologies that are sublet screens for media imperialism the gate way to other domination types.

1.3 Objective of Study

The purpose of this study is critically assess and evaluate ownership influence and challenge of media establishment in effective dissemination of news – information, a study of NTA Awka. To find out how the ownership management and control affects and influence the traditional objectivity of news – information dissemination in Nigeria using NTA Awka.

Agencies to ascertain the nature of government control and influence on Nigeria government owned media cum the nature of the content dissemination and programming as well as the thought perceptions and opinion of all government media using NTA Awka.

The above objectives construct are what necessitated this study through survey research design – methodology.

1.4 Significance of Study

This study will in no doubt be of most valuable to all and sundry, big and small, young and old and every media appreciator cum express. Also, its pertinent to note that its invaluability is hinged on the fact that everyone in the society loves the independency of the media. Whether government control or privately owned media 70 so this end, the researcher carefully raised some answer to the entire challenges facing the media. Be that as it is pertinent to note that the research work will expose the need for a carefully samitization and seminar works on media ownership and control by is owners at all time to foster them to uphold the ethics of through journalism that rational adherence to the principles of objectivity and the ordinances of the freedom of information act.

1.5 Research Question

Do ownership influence and government control of the management in NTA Awka affects their effective dissemination of information?

To what extent has government media ownership and management affects the media policy and reporting style of NTA Awka?

What is the nature of these ownership control over NTA Awka in their effective news dissemination to the public?

Is ownership influence and control the most challenging factor of NTA Awka?

1.6 Research Hypotheses

H1: Ownership influence and government control of the management of NTA Awka affects their effective dissemination of information.

H0: Ownership influence and government control of the management of NTA Awka does not affects their effective dissemination of information.

H2: Government media ownership and management negatively affects the media policy and reporting style of NTA Awka.

H0: Government media ownership and management positively affects the media policy and reporting style of NTA Awka.

H3: Government ownership and control of NTA Awka has a favoruable influence in their dissemination of news information.

H0: Government ownership and control of NTA Awka has a unfavoruable influence in their dissemination of news information.

H4: Ownership influence and control of media establishment is the most challenging factor of NTA Awka.

H0: Ownership influence and control of media establishment is not the most challenging factor of NTA Awka.

1.7 Scope of Study

In as much as this research work looks into ownership influence and challenges of media establishment in effective dissemination of news-information. The area of coverage cannot embrace the entire media in the nation. Therefore the researcher shall concentrate on NTA Awka, situated in Awka, the capital of Anambra State. This Awka shall be clustered into two main partioned constituency for a proper and fair representation. This partioned constituencies are:
Awka North in which the main city is Achalla
Awka South in which the seat of the Anambra State Government is situated, Anambra where in the government lodge is located and the Nise city where waec and other happening avenue is located cum the state head office and some universities.

1.9 Theoretical Framework

Looking at this theory, it reflects this work trace. And the theory is selective attention perspective. In this regards, the theorists made us to know and understand that although the eye can handle about five million bits of data per second, the brain is able to compute the information at a much lower rate. Obviously, at any given times, a person must select the information, which he or she will give active, attention, or else nothing will make sense.

This is because one of the problems associated with ownership influence and challenges is based on the audience selective perception perhaps the most workable definition or perception is that it is the process of making sense of experience (Haney 1967).

Moreover, the process of perception is not as simple as this definition may at first seem. To begin with different people do not experience the same stimuli in exactly the same way. Differences in environment, in sense of reception or receptors etc. contribute to difference in the way person perceives reality.

Besides, no two persons invest a particular work with exactly the same meaning to one another. The word happy may mean not being depressed to another. This brings to mind again of the individual difference theory, which states that no two persons are alike, even identical twist.

Therefore, the level of our perception on media exposure differ from one persons to another and ownership influence and challenges on media establishment in effective dissemination of news information depend on the ways the people of Nigeria were exposed to the media both locally and internationally.

1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual and Operational Definition

Ownership is the right of possession especially by law for somebody or body of persons who own a channel (Radio, television, newspaper, magazine, thought which information is transmitted.
i) Media policy- it means a plan of action or the media.
ii) Challenges – Tasks that must be fulfilled

iii) Nigeria – Refers to the society in a nation
iv) Media – This houses is all communication eg Radio, TV, Newspaper, and Magazine.
v) Establishment – To start off a building or house. The foundation base where project could stand.
vi) Dissemination – Sending messages to one another. Ability to reach out to heterogeneous audiences.

vii) Information – As informed. It could be oral or written.

Operational Definitions
i) Media policy – This is at various aims and ideas of media made by its owners.
ii) Challenges – The result obtained after some actions.

iii) Nigeria – The society where the message is focused
iv) Media – The ability of the television and other media of communication to create awareness to the audiences.
v) Dissemination – Exposing to all levels or angels for the interest of the targeted audience.
vi) Information – Be interm or informed. It could also be oral or written

ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW OF COMMUNICATION. CASE STUDY, PEACE FM , MAIDUGURI

CHAPTER ONE



INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Communication flow is a means of bringing about change. It is the mainstream of any organization growth. There is need form interaction and understanding of management-employee relations this will bring about increased performance of all parties involued in the communication flow process or chain. According to Banihashemi (2013), communication as a medium, a means to performance ends, or as constitutive, as the end in itself. Communication flow is a process of transmitting information from one person to another.According to Stephen (2011),communication flow is a critical factor in directing and mobilizing the workforce towards the accomplishment of the organizational goals or objectives. By creating understanding it enhances co-operation and promote effective performance. According to Williams (2012) smart managers understand that the end effective, straight forward communication between managers and employees is essential for success

According to (Mckinney,Barker, Smith& Davis,2004)communication is essential to effective team performance and communications flow for any organization is like blood flow in the human body. Therefore any organization that understands the importance of communication uses it in their organizational environment. Since, it ensures coordination of factors of production and most importantly material and human elements of organization as an efficient network of change and advancement. According to Snavely (2001) as cited by Robins(2006), communication flow process is initialed through the following means the sender-encoding-the message-the channel-decoding-the receiver- noise and feedback. It is estimated that managers spend over 80% of their day communicating with others. Since most of the basic management process- planning, organizing, leading and controlling – cannot be performed without effective communication flow.

Importantly, the relevance of communication flow keeps advancing as the world becomes a Global village. The need to become visible to the world has made many organizations to embrace new technology that would increase organizational performance. There are also many issues affecting communication flow ranging from difference in sex, role of silence, inference of government and cross- cultural inference. Many of sure organization is Peace fm radio station, as it explores the e-learning and e- training to empower its staff in the use of the internet in communicating policies, lectures, staff development and lot more. This would stand as a mile stone for the university as a whole networked for effective communication flow and performance. Therefore it becomes important to emphasize on innovation and effective use of communication medium or channel to bring about high performance rate. Hence any breakdown in communication flow process or chain can have serious adverse effects on organizational performance.

Furthermore knowing fully that poor communication flow rank as the single most important reason that people do not advance in their career as stated by Lepsinger&Luacia (1997) it becomes necessary that the management of Peace fm radio determines the best “channel” in transmitting “messages” to their staffs for effective and positive feedback. Thou there are many barriers to communication; filtering, selective perception, information overload, personal bias, language and communication flow apprehension. Hence management must try to address these barriers for effective result.

Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify the roles played by management of Peace fm radio in transmitting and managing information to increase the performance of its staff. Effective communication flow brings about high performance. However, the future of Peace fm radio to inform and weigh the opinion of its staff before introducing new methods and technology has adversely affected the relationship between the employer(management) and employee(staff) in the organistion. Firstly we shall explain briefly the concepts, importance of effective communication flow, relationship between communication flow and organizational performance. Also empirical studies would be gathered and analysis would be made using our area of study;Peace fm radio station. The outcome of the research would be to increase the use of the internet among the staffs of the organisation. This would lead to networking of the university and high rating in the world chart of the organisation. Also staff would be more equipped to deal with new technology and best practices which most private and public organisations have embraced. Finally the relevance of effective communication flow and new innovations would ensure high performance of both staffs of the organization under study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many industrial disputes originate due to failure in communication flow. Hence it is important to stress that in communication, emotions, environment, psychological and technical characteristics of the medium is relevance to enhance the organizational performance. In the view of Okoye (2004), psychologically transmission goes beyond reception of information but understanding and feedback. Most organizational conflict has been traced to breakage in communication flow as supported by (Lee, 2003; Scott, 2004). According to Chudi –Oji (2013), In spite of the laudable roles of effective communication in improving organizational performances, it is regrettable that some faculties pay lip service to the maintenance of effective communication systems. Change is a gradual and continuous process, giving room for inputs and adjustments. The new innovations, e-classroom, ICT awareness and appraisal methods are good in itself but the medium and level of communication is problematic.

Furthermore, the constant delay in accessing information by staff seems to limit their academic performance, which could create maladministration in coordinating of organizational activities. Therefore, performance of employees in relation with their duties and responsibility seems to question their communication techniques in terms of performance in the organisation. Exposure of staffs to the innovations in the organisation in terms of communication channels have experienced shortcoming which if not adequately addressed may lead to poor performance of the university in the stream of affairs among other universities in the country. These problems mentioned above, has posed the following questions that would guide the study and thereby enhance quality of effective communication flow in the Peace fm station, Maiduguri.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Due to the importance of communication in organization, communication already exists in the public organizations of Nigeria, and also between the organizations and their environments. But from observation, communication is not effective in these organizations.

Hence, it is the primary intention of the researcher to seek ways of developing effective communication in the management of Nigeria Public organizations. Specifically, the study has the following as its objectives:

1.To examine the directions of communication flow in Peace fm radio

2.To examine the relationship between Peace fm radio and Members of the public.

3.To find out if poor communication is the cause of some Peace fm radio problems.

4.To make recommendations that will help develop effective communication in Peace fm radio.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY

This study will definitely enable Managers of public organizations to arrest the incessant problems associated with inefficiency of communication within and outside the organizational environment – the public.

It is expected to underscore the tremendous importance of communication in public organizations, as it will keep the public informed of organizational policies in order to up-date their knowledge on the establishments, as changes in public organizations are quite inevitable.

More importantly, this research work is expected to acquaint the managers of public and private organizations and the government with information necessary for the formulation and implementation of public policies.

This study will serve as a reference point to managers and students of public Administration who may be inspired to carry out further researches on this subject.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on communication in public organizations and their operational environments.

Specifically, it covers all the areas of communication in the organization, which include the meaning and definition of communication, the functions and importance of communication, the types of communication, channels of communication, barriers to effective communication etc .In addition, the study looks at organizations in Nigeria – meaning, types and rationale for establishing them; communication in enterprises.

Although there are other corporation, this work will limit its analysis to Peace fm radio in Maiduguri.

THE ROLES OF MASS MEDIA IN ACHIEVING REBRANDING PROGRAMME OF PRESIDENT UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA

CHAPTER ONE


BACKGROUND / INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

The roles of Mass Media in our society cannot be over stressed; As rebranding programme of the President Umaru Musa Yar’adua is fundamental to the development of our dynamic Nigeria; Mass Media have become tools for disseminating or exchanging information concern rebranding programmes in Nigeria. As a result of this there is need to elucidate the impact of Mass Media on the rebranding programme of President Yar’Adua.

However, rebranding according to encyclopedia is the process by which a product a services developed with one brand, company or product line. The Re-branding project of Nigeria, In 2009, the Nigeria government decided to repackage the country image. Under the current Nigeria President Umaru MUsa Yar’Adua, professor Dora Akunyili has instituted yet another rebranding project. In 2009 the Nigeria Federal government launched as new campaign under tag “Nigeria good people great nation” 17 March 2009 panapress articles “Nigeria rebrands for better image. Quote Vice President Goodluck Jonathan” Unbundling the purpose of the campaign as a genuine attempt to re-orientate Nigeria towards believing in themselves once again and to change the perception of the country both locally and internationally.

Therefore, to achieve rebranding programme of President Yar’Adua,; Mass Media play a great role. Mass Media according to encyclopedia Mass Media can be see as to denote a section of the media specifically designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation. Mass Media also know as Media of Mass Communication it have been defined by Deficur and Dennis (1981:148) as devices form moving message across distance or time to accomplish Mass Communication.





Mass Media to those in the field refer to the various means through which information, ideas, entertainment and messages are transmitted to large heterogeneous audience that are far removed from the source of the message.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is for the determination of the nature and impact of Mass media in rebranding programme. To examine the rebranding programme of President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua. And to determine an d evaluate the effective of rebranding programme in Nigeria.

HYPOTHESES

That the operations of Mass Media would popularize rebranding programme. That inclusion of Nigeria in America terror list would impede the success of

rebranding.

That rebranding programme if successfully done would contribute positively to the image of Nigeria.

That Nigeria are not aware of the rebranding programme.

SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY

Conducting this research has a high degree of importance in many ways ranging from the area of highlighting and analyzing the roles of Mass Media in the rebranding programme of President Umaru MUsa Yar’Adua. It would also enable the government parastatals and agency on how to perform their functions without tarnish the image of Nigeria it would aids Nigeria government to achieve its aims, in doing this, it needs to work towards reducing poverty and crime. The extent of the work ahead was made painfully clear at the launch of the news. Campaign when, according to the BBC online, a member of the Nigeria rebranding team was pick pocketed just minutes before the launch of the project.

Therefore, whether the current rebranding campaign succeeds depends not only on the political will of the Nigeria leadership but the ability to change attitudes on the ground through the help of mass media.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The project has been properly designed within five chapters. The first chapter covers the background of the study, statement of problem, research questions, purpose




of the study, limitation of the study and definition of terms. The second chapter embodies and literature review in which all information from different materials used, this information is basically on the topic of the project. Third chapter cover research method. Fourthly, the data collected would analyzed and interpreted. Finally chapter five is meant for appropriate on summary reach from the information collected so far from preceding chapters.

OPERATIONAL PLAN/METHODOLOGY

The research method to employ in this research is survey method because the project topic is very wide indeed , therefore this method will give room for effectiveness administrative of questionnaire to the respective or representatives respondents.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This kind of research work cannot totally escape certain factors which act against its completeness successfully.

Insufficient Senior and workshop materials as well as uneasy access to information material at library and time limit.

Uneasy access to outdate and updated newspaper and magazine in library.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

- What are the roles of the Mass Media in achieving rebranding programme?

- To what extent are the people being carried along on the rebranding project?

- To what extent can rebranding programme be successful without the adequate involvement of the people?

- To what extent can rebranding programme contribute to positive image of Nigeria?

BROADCAST MEDIA AND FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA. (A CASE STUDY OF NTA AND RAYPOWER FM ABUJA).

CHAPTER ONE


1.0 INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The Media represent an essential and integral part of democratic process in any political community. Their statutory functions of enlightenment, education and entertainment have placed them on a pedestal of alertness and vigilance such that they have become an indispensable part of social governance. As whistle blowers, they inform the populace, set agenda for social discourse and hold public opinion through their editorial comments, public opinion corner and opinion articles.

Through their watch dog oversight, they bring to the public space shoddy deals of government which in most cases violate the basic freedoms of the people. It is through these checks that the principles of good governance are respected. (Oboh, 2014).

This at variance with the Authoritarian media theory which harps on the absolute protection of the State and its paraphernalia by the media at all time. Indeed, it is the libertarian theory that empowers the media to be on the side of the people, bring government officials to scrutiny for accountability and ensure the efflorescence of a democratic etiquette. This paper derives its inspiration from the above theory.

The salient thing we have to understand about the media is that, it is the windows that enable us to see beyond our immediate surroundings, interpreters that help us make sense of experience, platforms or carries that convey information interactive communication that includes audience feedback, signposts that provide us with instructions (Oboh & Onu, 2008). Through a mosaic of media propaganda and threats, colonialism penetrated precolonial African political economy, and integrated it into the global capitalist economy only visible in its subservience.

In fact, in 1851, the Nigerian Broadcasting Service, the month piece of the colonial state used the radio to stress the need for the public to participate in the implementation of the government’s policies and programmes for development and facelift (Oboh, 2014).

Conversely, the media became a veritable tool of anti-colonial struggles in Africa. In Nigeria, right from 1859 when Iwe Irohin was established to the 1960s, an avalanche of newspapers emerged such as the popular West African Pilot in 1937 by Nnamdi Azikiwe, Nigeria Tribune in 1949 by Obafemi Awolowo, Lagos Weekly Record in 1890 by John Pagne Jackson, and the African Messenger in 1914 by Ernest Ikoli. These newspapers were unrelenting in highlighting and condemning the exploitative tendencies and fallacies of colonial rule.

Today, with the advent of globalization and its concomitant social media, such platforms such as the internet, YouTube, and GSM information is made easy and almost placed at the doorstop of people. These phenomena have shattered the opacity in governance and subjected everything to microscopic scrutiny. This is not strange because the internet is trumpeted as the newest and best for increased democratic involvement and participation, and emboldens ‘citizens journalism or participatory journalism (Tsaaior & Agina, 2011). Looking at the vital role of the Media, to gag it becomes an exercise in social destruction. Therefore, as an instrument to strengthen and reposition society.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Nigerian Media and corruption in Nigeria just like in other society, the mass media transmit ideas and new information to a target audience. This implies that they are responsible for most of the adjustments in the behavioral pattern of people in the society. The role of the media is critical in efforts against corruption. The problem broadcast media in corruption fighting could be that there are no careful structuring of the relationship between mass media and anti-corruption officials. Secondly, another problem could be that the media units are not encouraged to develop and enforce adequate standards of conduct regarding their professional competence and their objectivity which might avoid any temptations of accepting gifts, envelopes, fare or any other support that might interfere with their free reporting. Finally, several researches have been carried out on media and corruption but not even a single research has been carried out on broadcast media and fight against corruption in Nigeria.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The main aim of the study is to examine broadcast media and fight against corruption in Nigeria. Other specific objectives of the study include:

1. to determine the effect of broadcast media on the fight against corruption in Nigeria.

2. to determine the factors influencing corruption in Nigeria.

3. to determine the effect of corruption in Nigeria.

4. to determine the factors affecting broadcast media in Nigeria.

5. to proffer possible solution to the problems.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS



1. What is the effect of broadcast media on the fight against corruption in Nigeria?

2. What are the factors influencing corruption in Nigeria?

3. What is the effect of corruption in Nigeria?

4. What are the factors affecting broadcast media in Nigeria?

5. What are the possible solutions to the problems?

1.5 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS



H0: Broadcast media has no significant effect on corruption in Nigeria.

H1: Broadcast media has a significant effect on corruption in Nigeria.



1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY



The study on broadcast media and fight against corruption in Nigeria will be of immense benefit to the entire NTA and RAYPOWER FM Abuja in the sense that it will enable the media to be encouraged to avoid any temptations of accepting gifts, envelopes, fare or any other support that would interfere with their free reporting and also tarnishing their image. The study will also enable the relationship between mass media and anti-corruption officials to be carefully structured for effective productivity. Finally, the study will contribute to the body of existing protocols and knowledge to this field of study and basis for further research.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY



The study on broadcast media and fight against corruption in Nigeria is limited to NTA and RAYPOWER FM Abuja.

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).



Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING TOOLS FOR SUCCESSFUL MARKETING OF MTN PRODUCTS

CHAPTER ONE


INTRODUCTION

We are all surrounded by a vast amount of advertising. Nearly everybody, therefore, has some thoughts on the subject. The tendency is to judge advertising as good or bad, to single out advertisements that one likes or dislikes, to wonder if advertising is worth the large sums of money spent on it, to question the contribution advertising makes to social welfare, and so on. Advertising research also aims to answer these questions in academic ways mainly within the fields of social science.

In business, a successful marketing campaign can lead to increased sales, better name recognition and a wider customer base. Great marketing helps your company establish a strong, memorable brand identity in the minds of customers. By using tools to measure the effectiveness of each Advertising effort, you can determine which to keep and which to discontinue. In doing so, you can more effectively utilize your time and money to develop a powerful marketing campaign.

The ultimate goal of most business concern is to make profit. It is the measure of success for the businessman and the reward for taking a chance. It is widely known that Advertisement is one of the ingredients used to achieve the stated objective of any business for most corporate organization the means of achieving this goal is found in integrated marketing policy back up by effective marketing management, the Advertising enables the organization not only to achieve lasting profit while satisfying the needs of the customers but also to achieve lasting success of the competition in wining lasting customers loyalty.

The concept seeks to reconcile two apparently conflicting motives. Its balance the organization need for benefit in such a way that the organization makes enough profit, and the need of business to retain customers through constant patronage.

Advertisement itself be the ingredient widely used to inform and persuades the customers to patronize the company’s products. Its involves publicity and Advertising strategy to create the Advertising mix.

STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Most of the GSM Operators in Nigeria do not know the usefulness of the sales promotion and hence plan to overlook the influence it has on the patronage of the company’s product.

Among some of the problems of promotion on sales of company product or the form are, it has been alleged that the cost of sales promotion increase price of the product. It is believed that a large part of the annual expenditure on sales promotion represents a wasteful application of resources, and also the question that pays for promotion manufactures or find consumers? This has to be determined before the profit can be ascertained it is therefore and investment. Hence this aims on the effectiveness of advertising tolles for successful marketing with close reference to MTN products.

RESEARCH QUESTION

In the course of this study, the research will evaluate each advertising strategy used and which department is to carryout the promotion.

The main objectives of such exercise briefly are:-

What are advertising tools used in the company?

To what extent is the effective of these tools in marketing of the company products?

What are the objectives of using these tools by the company?

To what extent does the effectiveness of advertising affect the overall performance of the company?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study when successfully completed will assist the management of MTN Nigeria to achieve the following:-

This study is aimed at highlighting and finding out certain facts as regards the effect of promotion on patronage of products of MTN Nigeria.

This study will further look into the problems facing Advertisement of product in the breweries sector.

The research will also benefit individual company that provide one kind of product or the other and helps them to know the best way of promoting and techniques to use in such advertising exercise.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The particular topic is order to examine the usefulness of sales Advertisement on sales to avoid misconception. Its also aims at highlighting the principal benefit of sales Advertisement to the organization in particular and the society at large.

Also the study will help us understand the influence of Advertisement of sales on the company product volume. The research findings will assist the company to know its sales and profitability volume before embarking on advertising activities. This research will enable us to know the department that should be responsible for the sales Advertisement activities.

Finally, this research work is to enable the company to accord more attention, recognition to sake Advertisement as a weapon used in attaining organizational objectives. The findings of this study will help all manufacturing companies, corporate bodies, marketing students, managers and researchers in their various endeavours.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research work cover the various advertising options used by MTN Nigeria. . Its Information, Implementation and its effectiveness towards the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation faced by this research is insufficient of time and other factors such as the following:-

Academic Constraints

Financial and Inadequate resources.

This study could have being extended to all parts of Nigeria Breweries, but due to the aforementioned problems, the research is on MTN Nigeria only.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

SALES ADVERTISEMENT:- This is an indirect advertising program or advertising research, which is intended to stimulate quick sales action.

ADVERTISING:- This is a band of physical services, a symbolic characteristics designed to produced consumer want and satisfaction.

OBSERVATION:- This is the direct watching of event or action of a particular object which being study.

CONSUMER:- This is the person who boys goods or used services.

LAYOUT:- This is a way which advertisement purpose are arranged according to plan.

AGENTS:- These are pointed by the manufacturers and to represent the manufacturers net themselves.

PUBLICITY:- This is a non-personal message, which is transmitted in the media to a large number of intended evidence

EFFECT OF INTERNET ADVERTISING ON CONSUMERS' PURCHASE DECISION (A STUDY OF JUMIA ONLINE STORES IN LAGOS)

CHAPTER ONE



INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Advertising has been in existence for many decades. It is one means of promotional mix which has its ultimate function to inform, persuade and promote ideas in order to sell goods and services (Akinkugbe 2006; Kotler, 2009). Advertising, over the years, has grown to become a prominent form of marketing communication, and as a marketing communication tool, it utilizes various forms of mass media to get sales messages across to a large number of people. The traditional mass media for advertising include TV, broadcasting, magazines and newspapers (Belch & Belch, 1998). However, with the increasing development in information technology, the Internet in addition has become another interesting advertising media commonly used nowadays by advertisers and markets to communicate messages to consumers (Ashraf and Mohammed, 2012).

Internet advertising, (also known as online advertising) is the delivery of advertising messages and marketing communications through websites. It can be delivered through various electronic platforms including mobile phones, iPods, desktop computers, and laptops etc. As a marketing communication tools (Esiri, Kolade, Oloyede, and Ogungbamigbe, 2014) internet advertising takes a multitude of forms, ranging from Search advertising to Banner and Rich Media Adverts (i.e. ads that incorporate sound, animation and interactive digital video commercials).

Regardless of the particular format, displaying advertising content to online users is driven by two major objectives: (a) build new or reinforce existing brands, and (b) stimulate purchases. For that reason, the success (or effectiveness) of internet advertising has been traditionally measured by the number of clicks attracted by the adverts, or the ratio of the number of clicks over the number of impressions. In addition, many advertising experts argue that the mere exposure of online users to the advertising message can be beneficial in terms of building brand awareness (Flores, 2000) and increasing purchase intentions (Hollis, 2005). However, various factors may influence the rate of clicks attracted by online adverts, and it is the burden of this study to examine these factors in Nigerian context and to also find out how they influence purchase attitude and decision of consumers.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Internet advertising is the delivery of advertising messages and marketing communications through the Websites. It has presented sustainable revenue growth since its inception in the mid-1990s. Internet advertising takes a multitude of forms, ranging from the "traditional" banners to today's rich media ads. Due to its wide success, internet advertising currently constitutes a significant marketing channel for a large number of firms, ranging from news agencies to car manufacturers and retailers, and it is thus gradually gaining attention in the context of communications strategy, planning and implementation.

However, due probably to its infancy in Nigerian media market, there has been relatively little knowledge and empirical research on the factors that affect the success of online advertising in Nigeria. Consequently, when relying on insufficient knowledge to make decisions about their internet marketing strategy, companies run the risk of missing marketing opportunities, lost patronages, decline profits, and damaging image. To this end, this study attempt to make a number of contributions to the body of actionable knowledge pertaining to the factors that may influence success of online advertising campaigns using KJMIA online marketing company as a case study.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

Generally, the main aim of this study is assess the effect of internet advertising on consumers purchase decision. However it is set to:

i. Examine the influence of background characteristics of online users on internet advertising success.

ii. Assess the effect of online products advertisement on internet users.

iii. Assess the effect of online adverts on consumers’ decision purchase for products.

iv. Examine the impact of internet source or medium on consumers decision purchase for advertised products.

v. Assess the influence of demographic, advertisement, website and product characteristics on consumer buying decision.

1.4 Relevant Research Questions

The following questions are relevant to the study

i. Do background characteristics of online users have significant influence in internet advertising success?

ii. What influence does online products advertisement have on internet users?

iii. To what extent have online adverts affected consumers’ decision purchase for products?

iv. Does the source of online advertised product influence consumer’s decision purchases?

v. Do demographic, advertisement, website and product characteristics have any significant effect on consumer buying decision?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were stated for the study

H01: There will be significant influence of sex, age , marital status, education and occupation of internet users on internet advertising success

H02: There will be significant influence of online products advertisement on internet users.

H03: There will be no significant effect of online adverts on consumers’ decision purchase for products.

H04: There will be no significant influence of internet source on consumer’s decision purchases.

H05: There will be significant effect of demographic, advertisement; website and product characteristics on consumer buying decision.

1.6 Significance of the Study



Essentially this study will benefit business organizations and corporate bodies in the e- retail shopping industry as it will elaborate on the factors that may enhance/impede success of online advert. Findings will also enable online shop owners to be aware of those features and product elements that consumers considers very important in their purchasing intention and shopping experience. By extension, this would enable the manufacturers to improve on their products.

It is hoped that through the completion of this investigation, a body of knowledge is added to the marketing communication and promotion area of advertising.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This research is to examine the effects of internet advertising on the consumer buying decision. Investigation was limited to the vicinity of University of Lagos, using all categories of students who are mostly the users of internet facilities either for information, education, social interaction or shopping purposes. The focus of study was however restricted to various online platforms used by JUMIA online shopping mall. It concentrate on finding out if online advertising affords the students the opportunity of getting to know and continuously patronize products advertisedby JUMIA electronic shopping websites.

1.8 Definition of Terms

The following terms were described according to their usage in the study

Advertising: This is a form of communication used to help sell products and services. It is sometimes use to persuade consumers to switch from some popular brand to less known brands.

Advertisement: Communication in the media paid for by identifiable sponsor(s) and directed at a target audience with the aim of impacting information about a product, services, idea or opinion.

Advertiser: A person or organization who pays for the placement of an advert.

Internet Advertising: Internet advertising is the delivery of advertising messages and marketing communications through the company Websites

CHALLENGES FACING MEDIA ORGANISATION IN DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA TELEVISION AUTHORITY (NTA)

CHAPTER ONE


INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Communication as known everywhere has developed over a number of centuries. The sophisticated and complexity which characterized human communication in the modern world are the result of a very long and sustained effort by human beings to improve on one of the most fundamental aspects of their existence.

Thus, referring to this evolution, the McBride commission has noted that, “As the world has advanced the task of communication has become even more complex, in explaining this complexity, McBride and his colleagues (McBride et al, 1981, P.3), have this to say “ throughout history, human beings sought to improve their ability to receive and assimilate information about their surroundings at the same time to increase the speed, clarity and variety of their methods for transmission of information”- quoted in (Okunna, 1994 Page 1-2). Therefore, following the above assertion it can be submitted that, the origin of the media and its responsibility to disseminate information, most importantly in Nigeria context dates back to the era of the early press in the year 1800-1929. It was the very first time Newspaper emerged in the country in the name of “Iwe Irohin”.

However, the development of Nigerian press is purely classified into three as follows, from 1800-1920 (Early press), 1927-1960 (National press), 1960-date (Modern or Contemporary press). These were viewed as the chronological order of the evolution of print media.

Thus, in 1940, the Presbyterian Mission established the first printing school in Calabar the reason for this, is to increase the literacy level of the people as of then. And, in 1845, an Anglican Missionary Rev. Henry Townsend, established another printing press as well as printing school at the mission compound in Abeokuta. Five years later (1859), Rev. Townsend moved forward to establish the first newspaper called “Iwe Irohin fun awon era Egba at Yoruba”, Meaning newspaper for the Egba people and Yoruba. Reverend Townsend’s major aim of establishing the newspaper was to increase the reading culture of the Egba and Yoruba people so as to instill literacy desire in them. He also, wanted to embark on Christian stewardship through impacting education and literacy. Iwe Irohin also served as a potent political tool against the British government, thereby informing the mass on the need to know why the British must go.

As the paper was making waves and facing all sorts of criticism, another paper was also established by the Anglo West India, Robert Campbell, he follows Iwe Irohin up with Anglo African with the year 1863. It was printed in Lagos states Campbell’s objective of setting up the newspaper was to exploit the growing interest in Western Education and Enlightenment in Lagos state in 1860 by providing cheap and accessible materials which would educate, inform and entertain its reader. It was the first paper in the country to present another side of the story as it constituted on open competitor with Iwe Irohin.

After that, Richard Beale Blaiz established the Lagos Time and Gold Coast Colony Advertiser in the year 1803-1883. The name of the paper reflected the joint administration of Gold Coast and Lagos at the time. Thus, newspaper establishment journed through the time, Zik established the West African Pilot, up till this day. It is important to note at this juncture that, from the period of the early press and now, there have been an immense function played by the media in order to restore the dilapidating and retrogressing state of Nigerian society.

Interestingly, as the year went by, there was a tremendous dawn in the broadcast media. The radio and television emerged, thereby making waves in the dissemination of information. Radio as a means of communication relies on the use of electro-magnetic waves propagated through space at the speed of light, radio messages were first received in Nigeria through the empire service of the British Broadcasting Commission (BBC) in 1932, At this time, Prospective owners of radio had their transmission through their sets which was wired to the post office. In 1936, radio transmission was established with the commencement of transmission through the RDS (i.e. Radio Distribution service) in Lagos. One feature of the program transmitted at this time was low content of Nigeria or coral productions.

By 1948, there were ten “Wire” Wireless stations serving about 80,000 subscribers in the country. This followed until television came to Nigeria for the first time in 1956. When Queen Elizabeth II came to Nigeria same years, the BBC came with a large contingent. The BBC placed TV screens outside the assembly to enable those outside the gallery of the house to watch what was happening. Nigeria takes credit as the pacesetter in Africa in regards to television broadcasting. That notwithstanding, television broadcasting started in Nigeria as a result of intense political and ethnic rivalry. Account has it that, the first television in Nigeria was the Western Nigeria television (WNTV); Ibadan, it is thus readily clear that, the colonial maters did not make much use of television during their period of rule as television came toward the end of colonialism in Nigeria. This was in operation when Chief Obafemi Awolowo established the WNTV. He was said to have has permission for access to the government owned national broadcasting commission (NBC) so that he would reply to the allegation of act of perfidy leveled against him by the actual grievance that eventually gave rise to regional Broadcasting dates back 1953.

From the year 1953-1960, the Eastern Nigeria television (ENTV) was established, then in April 1962 the federal government started the Nigeria television service, channel 10 Lagos, which was headed by T.O.S. Benson. After the civil war in the country there was significance increase in television broadcasting. Almost all the twelve states of the federation (as at 1972) had their own TV station. Then in 1976, the number of stations had risen to nineteen. In 1977, the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) was established to function as an independent body. NTA was given charge over television broadcasting in Nigeria; however, the 1979 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria later remover the exclusive power of the NTA in television broadcasting in Nigeria. The constitution rather allowed for the establishment and operation of broadcasting and stations by different state governments, organization or individual subject to the president’s permission (Okunna 1993, page 55).

At this point, it can be submitted that right from the first day the mass media emerged in Nigeria starting with the print media; the media have been playing the watch dog role in the society, performing a number of functions which benefit the individual as a member of the society. These range from “serious” information and educational functions to “higher” functions like entertainment, information, dissemination, education, advertising, socialization, promotion of culture, motivation, mobilization, integration. They also play the role of agenda setting based on issues that are controversial in nature, here the mass media set the political agenda for the society by deciding what political topics people talk about etc. NTA as one of the media organization has of the mass media to the audience, e.g. election, child abuse, Kidnapping, issue of flooding, crime, war, fire disaster, conflict, fuel subsidy etc; also print media e.g. Newspaper, magazine, Journals, books are not left out.

But suffice it to say that, there are some challenges on the part of the media in using all these channels listed above to send information, thus making the actualization of the noble dream stressful, even NTA a government owned channel has its own shortcomings in the area of playing its roles effectively. Albert, it has been enslaved to the whims and caprices of the political leaders and the government.

Another challenge that weakens the power of Nigeria television Authority (NTA) and other media organization is poor infrastructural facilities. As sobowale (1989: page 304) quoted in Okunna (1994. P. 36) has observed with reference to Nigeria, such basic infrastructural facilities as roads and transport system are in an abysmal state of development; and this limits the work are the media practitioners in gathering information. One can also consider the state of technological expansion and advance in communication technology, with this media have found it difficult to work effectively.

In conclusion, it is submitted with respect that Nigeria television Authority (NTA) has been disseminating information to the masses. But, at the same time has in one way or the other demonstrated the challenges facing its discharge of duties. Despite all odds, this research study will definitely bring changes.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS:

Despite all efforts made by the media to tackle the challenges facing them, especially during military government era, there are still Kinds of other problems which constitute threat to the power of disseminating information to the masses. Indeed, it seems as if to say that much has been not achieved in the area of their performance.

For this reason, this research seeks to expose the extent the Nigeria media, NTA in particular is tackling the challenges and the extent they have gone in keeping the masses informed on the day to day events.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The research work tends to know

1. If political interest or sentiment imposes serious threat to effective disseminating information on media?

2. If economic factor takes precedence in the coverage of program by media?

3. If technology factor restricts media from disseminating information to its target audience.

4. If the level of literacy of the audience help media in gathering and reporting issues of the day.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One of the basic functions of the media is to provide the society with information based on accuracy, facts, truth, and objectivity and to uplift our cultural heritage. The task of the researcher is to find out the challenges facing the media most especially in the developing countries like Nigeria.

This study will serve as a basic for carrying out further research and evaluation of how the challenges in the media can be faced bearing in mind that, what is obtainable in NTA station will also be applicable in other media stations in the country. Therefore, there is hope that the finding posted in the work will be beneficial to other students and researchers attempting to research on a similar project.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

- What is the nature of challenges facing the media in information dissemination?

- Do the media have sufficient freedom needed for their operational efficiency?

- Do the media work enough in reporting issues in high places of government administration?

- What is the possible measures that should be used to enhance operation of the media.

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1 There are serious challenges facing the media information dissemination.

H0 There are no serious challenges facing the media in information dissemination.

H2 The media have sufficient freedom needed for their

Operational efficiency.

H0 The media do not have sufficient freedom needed for

their operational efficiency.

H3 The media work enough in reporting issues in high places of government administration.

H0 The media do not work enough in reporting issues in high places of government administration.

H4 There are possible measures to be used to enhance operation of the media.

H0 There are no possible measures to be used to enhance operation of the media.

1.7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This research study will be based on one of the theories of the press which is libertarian theory. The reason why it is suitable for the study is that, the theory is concerned on the perception for freedom of the press; liberal philosophers like John start mill, Milton greatly advance the advocacy for press freedom (Okoro, et al 2003, p.21).

In the main, libertarian theory prescribes that; an individual should be free to hold and express opinion freely and publish same. The theory does not see need for censorship since it acknowledge the great potentials of human as rational being who can distinguish between truth and falsehood, it further believes in the “self brightening process of the free market place of idea”, where good ideas will eventually eliminate the bad ones if all were granted free expression.

Therefore, the researcher used the theory to back up the media especially the media in Nigeria

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The scope of the study is covered within Nigeria television Authority (NTA).

1.9 LIMITATION OF STUDY:

The researcher chooses to limit the sample population to students and civil servants who watch television programmes drawn from Enugu Network station, because majority of the government owned media like NTA are situated in the state. The students of the institute of management and technology (IMT), Enugu and the students of Enugu state university of science and technology (ESUT), also some students from other higher institutions were included; secondary school students were taken into account, because they are greatly influenced by what they watch.

Also, the sample of civil servants was drawn from both the federal and state civil services.

1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Operational Definition of Terms.

- Challenges: It means the hindrances or constrains which make the media not to execute their duties effectively and efficiently.

- Media; In this research study, the media simple means those medium or channel via messages or information are passed across from the source to the heterogeneous audience e.g. Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), Enugu state Broadcasting services (ESBS), Federal Radio commission of Nigeria (FRCN) etc. for print media we have newspaper, magazines like the Guardian, Daily Sun, Tell, Punch etc.

- Dissemination; In this research, it means a way by which the media carry out their social responsibility in order to tell their audience what is happening within and outside their society.

- Information; Programmes of the media which are used to educate, entertain, mobilize, sensitize, inform and socialize the masses concerning everyday activities within and outside the society.

Consumers’ Perception of MTN Advertising Slogan Changes: Study of Plateau State University Students, Bokkos.

Abstract

Slogans are embodiments of brand essences. They are thought to have potential to induce emotional responses that may steer consumers toward certain products. The aim of this study was to ascertain consumers‟ perceptions of the frequent changes in slogans of heavily advertised brand like MTN GSM Network. The objectives of the study are, (i) to find out students‟ frequency of exposure to MTN slogans;(ii) to ascertain students‟ reaction towards the frequent changes in MTN slogan; (iii) to find out students‟ preference of MTN slogans;(iv) to ascertain the recall rate of MTN slogans among students; and (v) to determine students‟ perception of MTN advertising slogans. The study employed survey design with structured questionnaire as the instrument. The populations of this study are undergraduate students of Plateau State University, Bokkos. The study sampled 323 respondents using multi-stage and stratified random sampling techniques. The data gathered was analyzed using cross-tabulation, correlation and percentages to analyze the frequency. The findings indicate that, frequent changes in MTN advertising slogans seem to affect students recall ability negatively. It was observed that, the changes have no influence on their purchasing decisions but rather, the quality and reliability of the network. Therefore, the study concludes that consumers perceive the frequent changes in slogans as a primary obstacle to recall. The study therefore recommends that MTN and other service providers may consider using one slogan over medium to long term because this will make their product visible and unique. Also, the longer the life span of the slogan, the easier for consumers to recollect and remain loyal to the brand.


CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

With the liberalization of telecommunication industry in 2001, mobile telephony has rapidly

become the most popular method of voice communication in Nigeria. Growth has been rapid that

Nigeria was described as one of the fastest growing worldwide market for Mobile

telecommunication. Through the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC) the regulatory body,

the Nigerian Government modernized and expanded the mobile telecommunications network and

services by granting global system for mobile telecommunication (GSM) license to three service

providers in January 2001. These providers included Mobile Telecommunication Network (MTN)

Nigeria, Econet Wireless (now Airtel), and the first national carrier, NITEL (Mtel). In 2002, the

second national carrier, Globacom, was additionally granted license to commence operation. Since

then the Global system for mobile telecommunication (GSM) services and several other fixed

wireless telecommunication services deliver telephone services to Nigerians and the world. These

telecommunication companies introduced great innovations and continued to provide aggressive and

varied marketing strategies in order to establishing meaningful and differentiated presence through

their names brands. They did this to increase company identification, attract and retain customers

and improved market place efficiency and effectiveness (Peter, 2014).

In addition, advertising is one great activity in Communication that has being with man right

from time. It is often experienced either consciously or unconsciously by everybody, every day, if

not every hour or minute. It has no doubt assumed great prominence and pervasiveness in all facets

of human endeavours. (OKoro, 2005, p.93). In almost every place around us, one hardly goes by

without seeing bill boards and spectaculars. Neither can one relax without radio sounds and

television images, magazine and newspaper pictures, all emanating from one point or the other and

1





demanding persuasive attention. This perhaps evokes advertising and as such, it is everywhere

(Akpan, 2006, p. 169; Baran, 2004, p.377). Primarily, advertising tells and persuades consumers to

patronize products, services and idea. This perhaps underscores its basic functions of marketing and

communication. Thus every form of advertising is either aimed at achieving great sale of products,

so to maximize profit or to provide social services to the public in its fulfillment of persuasive

information and communication goal.

From the beginning and from its persuasive nature, advertising is known to have grown and

achieved a tremendous feet in marketing communications. In Ogbodo‟s view, (1999, p.49)

“advertising has not only become an integral part of our social and economic system, but has grown

over the years to assume tremendous proportions both as a business activity and as a social

phenomenon”. Thus, the development of advertising has no doubt doted great impact in the

economic and social transformation of the world today. Arens (2006, p.58), likens the economic

impact of advertising to the world as:

A break shot in billiards or pool… he moment a company begins to advertise, it sets of a chain reaction of economic events which is like a force of the shot and the economic environment in which it occurred.

In spite of the great changes and development that have occurred in advertising, its practice and

goals remains the same. What is different in advertising today is the level of sophistication it has

attained and the increasing scholarly attention it is attracting (Nwankpa, 2007, p.1).

The growth in sophistication of advertising practice is predicated on the changing nature of

the world (Nwankpa, 2007, p.5). As the world changes, so do advertising. The changes in the media

of advertising which has ushered in the computer network, is a major contribution to the level of

sophistication of advertising. More so, the growing complexities in the market place of our times and

the increased production of goods demanding for more attention, has made advertising to be

sophisticated. It is in this era that advertising rates are highly charged by the media, due to their

THE EFFECT OF NEW COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON RADIO BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT


This study examine the role and contributions of the modern information and communication technologies on radio broadcasting. Where splash FM 105.5 was used as a case study. The survey research method was employed and thus questionnaire were administered to media practitioners who are engaged in the communication process. Finding from the field revealed that the newly emerging information and communication technologies have gained popularity and initially all the media practitioners are aware of their existence, but despite this, majority of these people do not have access to them. For this study, the first chapter deals with background to the study, objectives of the study statement of problem, research question, significance of the study, scope and limitation as well as historical background of Splash FM 105.5 Mokola Hill Ibadan, chapter two deals with literature review in which relevant literature were utilized. Chapter three explains the research method in carrying out. In chapter four, the result of the finding was analyze and presented, using table conclusively chapter five gives the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the researcher.

INTERROGATING THE GIRL CHILD’S IDENTITY IN STEPHANIE LINUS “DRY” AND EMEKA NWABUNZE’S “CHILD NOT BRIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS




Title page - - - - - - - - - i

Certification - - - - - - - - - ii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii

Acknowledgements - - - - - - - iv

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - v

Abstract - - - - - - - - - vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - 5

1 3 Purpose of the Study - - - - - - 6

1 4 Scope and Limitation of the Study - - - - 6

1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 7

1.6 Research Methodology - - - - - - 7

1.7 Organisation of the work - - - - - - 7

1.8 Definition of Terms - - - - - - 8

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Film Studies: An Overview - - - - - 10

2.2 Film History in Nigeria - - - - - - 13

2.3 The Girl Child’s Identity: An African Perspective - - 18

2.4 The Girl Child and the Challenges of Identity in Africa - 21

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Synopsis of the Film Dry - - - - - - 28

3.2 Thematic Structure of the Film - - - - - 32

3.3 Synopsis of the Film Child not Bride - - - - 38

3.4 Thematic Structure of the Film - - - - - 41

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Girl Child Identity in Dry - - - - - - 44

4.2 Girl Child Identity in Child not Bride - - - - 48

4.3 Comparative View of the Girl Child Identity in the Films - 51

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - 54

5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 54

5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - 55

Works Cited




ABSTRACT

The girl child is faced with diverse challenges that pose a serious threat to her existence and identity. Issues ranging from genital mutilation, to being made to play second fiddle role to the men folk and other oppressive tendencies form areas of concern for the feminist ideologist. This project attempts therefore, at assessing the challenges that threaten the identity of the girl child. In doing so, this project provides an overview of the challenges of the girl child and the part her parents, the government and the society play. This project studies the films Dry by Stephanie Linus and Child not Bride by Emeka Nwabunze to unearth the salient challenges of the girl child addressed in the films. The research methodologies employed for this project include; films, library search and the internet. This project concludes that through the reflection of the Society in films, influence the consciousness of the people bringing salience to certain issues in the society- the issue of the girl child's identity and that girl child if educated, loved, supported and encouraged can be a tool for national development. This project recommends that the government, film producers and directors, parents should help build the identity of the girl child positively because building the girl child is tantamount to building the nation.







CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Identity is the totality of someone’s image in the society. Everyone has it; a community has it, a nation has it, a country has it and so does the girl child. The way someone’s identity is built may keep the person in a permanent shame or glory, and the totality of the people’s identity is the summary of the nation’s identity. The images a person puts up on different occasions sum up to make for what they are. It filters through all social processes everyman finds himself doing. According to Williams “Identities are seen as variable and as constituted through a relational social process” (68). Santrock also suggests that “identity formation is enhanced by family relationships that are both individuated, encouraging adolescents to develop their own points of view, and connected, providing a secure base from which to explore the social world" (155). By the direction Santrock suggests, the characters identities are observed and shaped within family relationship and its significant social identification. This shows that the identity of a child changes and this change is influenced by the people around. Parents and guardians should be able to encourage the child positively because as the child grows, those things will form how the child perceives himself or herself. Boeck and Honwana clarify identity by generalizing that:

Children and youth have been routinely portrayed as innocent and vulnerable, in need of adult protection…. Children and youth are often perceived through opposition to adulthood and as ‘people in the process of becoming rather than being (3).

When the identity of an individual is intentionally jeopardised through abuse and name calling making that person feel inferior and worthless, it is most likely that the total being or personality of such individual would be restructured. By this, it means, the encounter has the potency of disabling or reconfiguring the individual’s desirable intents, belief system, mental and psychic patterns, and as such causing major damage(s) and change(s) in behavioural exhibitions. Hence, the identity of every individual is an integral part of the several fragments that make up a total being. This may have made the question of identity to form a basis of argument in film studies all over the world. It is so because film is a major form of cultural expression and the study of film is a study of culture and its interpretation.

In the study of the selected films Dry and Child not Bride, it will be seen that the girl child’s identity continually arouse both anger and confusion on how she is raised, nurtured and solemnly disposed of in the name of marriage at an early age. The girl child in some communities is used as collateral for a man’s show of goodwill to the family. She is denied her choiced dream and mind set over social activities and the way these misfortunes are practiced in Africa has grounded it into various genres of literature studied from primary to secondary school and also into films.

The girl child is portrayed as a burden to be relieved in some communities in Africa like the Igbo and Hausa tribe in Nigeria. Films like Cry for Help, Victims of the Society, Make a Move, Wives on Strike and many others where the girl child is made to suffer undue violence are ways of studying the predicaments of the girl child. Various cultural and social values have historically contributed to gender disparity in education. Denga explains this further stating that “one prominent cultural view is that it is better for the girl child to stay at home and learn to tend to her family instead of going to school”(85). To explain the fact that more boys than girls are encouraged to acquire education, Obasi opines that the Nigerian tradition was explained as a tradition that attaches higher value to the boy child than the girl child whose place is believed to be in the kitchen (161-178). This however means that, the girl child is looked at as a lesser being. She is deprived of quality education which is a tool that will help to build her. She is used as a form of money exchange, married off at an early stage most times against her will and the money realized from her bride price used to solve problems in the family. She is not given the right to make decisions for herself. Parsons and Edmeades further aver this stating that:

Parents may assess the cost and benefits of marriage and decide to marry their daughters early if they are seen as an economic burden that can be relieved through marriage. Financial transactions around marriage contribute to the practice. In the context where bride price is practiced (i.e. a groom or grooms family provide assets to the bride’s family in exchange for marriage), families may obtain greater financial amount the younger the bride is… when parents marry off their daughters, there are often economic and social reasons for them to make that choice(22).

All these are portrayed in films in Africa and they form the basis of studies.

Film, like theatre, serves as a mirror to the society where people realise how they are. Films overtime have been known to capture things going on in the society. It allows us to witness the lives of others and what they go through and experience at some point in time in life. Films have useful impacts on individuals. Thus, by watching films, we sometimes ease off our stress and relax from our daily activities. It exposes us to a life that we might never realistically get to experience by placing ourselves in the shoes of the characters in the film that we are watching. Film studies will enable the viewer to go beyond the feeling and experience to understand better the message the film is passing across.

This research selects two Nigerian films, Dry and Child not Bride as its primary source. Information on how the identity of the girl child is viewed would form the basis of argument in the study.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The girl child faces lots of societal and community problems which often affect her values. In some African particularly Nigeria, the girl child is discriminated against. She is married off at an early stage which interferes with her education or acquisition of skills needed for survival. She is trained to become a good wife to her husband. The girl child is subjected to the life of a wife and a mother at an early stage which hinders her from improving educationally, psychologically, mentally, economically and socially.

This study therefore aims at drawing the attention of the public to the challenges and struggles of the girl child and how films can be used as a tool to correct this societal ill.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to help provide an identity for the African girl child. It aims toward revealing how films have been (and can be) used to help project a better image of the girl child. This study is on identifying how films can be used to help in the overall development of the girl.

1.4 Scope/ Limitation of the Study

This study will base its evaluation on the selected films Dry by Stephanie Linus and Child not Bride by Emeka Nwabunze and its focus shall be on the identity, challenges and struggles of the girl child in Africa particularly Nigeria.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will offer an insightful appreciation on the girl child and her overall contribution to nation building. It also attempts to sensitize the general public on the importance of the girl child, her challenges and the dangers of child marriage.

This study also shows the importance of Film and how it can be used not just for entertainment but also as a tool for educating the girl child and the public.

1.6 Research Methodology

The methodology for carrying out this study is content analysis. The analysis in this case involves the analysis of the content of selected films, which are my primary sources of enquiry. The secondary sources shall be obtained from other films, textbooks, journals, articles, the internet and other materials that are relevant on the subject matter.

1.7 Organization of the Work

This work will be organized using the following layout. The study will be divided into five chapters for detailed and organized research. The first chapter is a general introduction and a build-up of the study. It will also look at the scope and limitations of the study and state the problem with some brief definition of terms.

Chapter Two reviews a wide range of literature in the areas of film, the girl child and Nigerian films.

Chapter Three deals with the synopsis and themes of Dry and Child not Bride.

Chapter Four will focus on the study and a comparative view of the girl child's identity in the two films.

Chapter Five which is the final chapter, concluded the study and generates recommendations for further engagement in the field. Works cited will be documented.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Film Studies

Film studies according to Andrew “is an academic discipline that deals with the various theoretical, historical and critical approaches to film. It is less concerned with advancing film proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural, economic and political implication of the film. Film studies exist as one in which the teacher does not always play the primary educator role, the feature film itself serves that function” (25).

Girl Child

Offorma defines the girl child as;

as a biological female offspring aged between birth and eighteen years who is entirely under the care of an adult parent, guardian or older sibling and in that period of time when she is still developing into an adult. The term girl actually has to do with the issue of being female and period of time or rather the period of childhood and the attainment of adulthood.This period is made up of infancy, childhood, early and late adolescence stage of development (10).

Interrogation:

Merriam Webster Dictionary defines interrogation to give or send out a signal to (a device) for triggering an appropriate response.

African Girl:

African girl is a female offspring who is from any of the African countries.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT OF MEDIA MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE


INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The public service media in Nigeria aims to produce high quality content, make it available across widely used devices and platforms, and reach all audiences. The means of attaining this however, has meet with some challenges over the years. The place of modern day new media technology makes it impossible to imagine our contemporary society without them. This is so because; the new media brings us together in variety of ways that would have been thought as impossible (Sehl,Cornia, & Neilson 2016). For instance, a few generations ago, it took several hours for a message to be transmitted from Nigeria to North America. Today however, information can be transmitted in seconds. Surmounting one of the greatest challenges to information posed by distance with the internet today, means that people can communicate and access information anywhere in the world regardless of where they are located in the globe. The mass media industry in Nigeria has come a long way. The Nigerian media has, at various times and fora been described as one of the most vibrant in the world and undoubtedly the most vibrant in Africa. The reason for this allusion is not far-fetched. Even from colonial times, the Nigerian media has taken up the task of disseminating information positively influencing the trend of governance and shaping public opinion toward nation building and good governance. As the fourth estate of the realm, the Nigerian media was at the vanguard of nationalism and the struggle for independence from the colonial government of the British imperialists. The press also assumed the role of the opposition party during various military incursions into governance in Nigeria. At the risk of losing their lives, Nigerian media practitioners fought successive military rulers and their overbearing and corrupt practices and wanton plundering of the nation’s resources and reserves. The media is a complex non-state actor whose activities have been made even more complex by massive advancement in technology. From the primitive gong of the village town crier, the leaf-lettering of anti-colonial movements, the bold headlines of the national dailies, the crystal clear news footages of the cable television networks, to the internet blogs, no one can seriously ignore the impacts of today’s mass media. What exactly constitute the media, what roles does the media perform, what is the character of the media, what is the average composition of a media organization in Nigeria, how is it managed, which management style inapplicable to which? These are the fundamental questions that will form the basis of our discourse today. However, the way the media functions in every society is contingent upon a host of variables which combine to define and shape its character. Perhaps, a historical and definitional understanding of the media in Nigeria can help.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The media in a way have become one of the strongest linkage institutions bridging, as it were, the gap between the state and the citizens. In a more restricted sense, we can define the media as “the multitude of ways for the public to gain access to political news, analysis and commentary”. And in a more general sense, the media provide the public access to any kind of information whether political, business or entertainment. The media include the print (newspapers, magazines and other publications), the broadcast (radio, television) and new media which largely speak to the internet and the World Wide Web. In this view the researcher wants to investigate the problems and prospect of media management in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is problems and prospect of media management in Nigeria. But for the successful completion of the study; the researcher intends to achieve the following sub-objectives;

1. To determine the problems that affect media management

2. To ascertain whether media management affect their productivity

3. To determine the prospect of media management

4. To ascertain the significant relationship between media management and quality production of programs

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: there is no problem that affects media management

H1: there are problems that affect media management

H02: there are no significant relationship between media management and quality production of programmes

H2: there are significant relationship between media management and quality production of programs

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of benefit to ministry of communication and media for proper management. The study will also be of great benefit to the researchers who intends to embark on research on similar topics as it will serve as a guide. Finally, the study will be of great importance to academia’s, lecturers, teachers, students and the general public.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers problems and prospect of media management in Nigeria. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study

b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

PROBLEMS: A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome.

PROSPECT: The possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.

MEDIA: Media is the collective communication outlets or tools that are used to store and deliver information or data. It is either associated with communication media

MEDIA MANAGEMENT: Media management is seen as a business administration discipline that identifies and describes strategic and operational phenomena and problems in the leadership of media enterprises.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study